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• New Federalism (Nixon)
  ...[Johnson, Lyndon B.|Lyndon B. Johnson’s]] [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]], the [[Nixon, Richard M.|Nixon]] administration sought to decentralize pr ...to use the money allocated for supplementing existing services, initiating new programs or reducing taxes. The Nixon administration also proposed creating
  2 KB (257 words) - 20:21, 27 November 2018
• New Federalism (Reagan)
  ...gress]] and [[Executive Orders|executive orders]] to implement many of his federalism reforms, but many more of his proposals failed after confronting practical ...Federalism|dual federalism]] more than the [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]] of the previous decades.
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 00:46, 28 November 2018
• New Judicial Federalism
  See [[State Constitutional Rights Federalism]].
  47 bytes (5 words) - 22:53, 4 September 2020
• New Partnership Federalism
  ...rtnership Federalism was a subtype of [[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]] that focused heavily on the revitalization of urban communities. ...an regions, to help younger cities confront the challenges associated with new growth, and to deliver improved community services, housing, and job opport
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Page text matches

• Abortion
  ...e Supreme Court via  ''Roe''  and its progeny violates the tenets of [[federalism]], and whether Congress, in issuing legislation governing abortion, violate ...th Control League founded in 1921 by Margaret Sanger, propelled 4 states—New York, Hawaii, Alaska, and Washington—to repeal their criminal abortion st
  22 KB (3,400 words) - 19:45, 6 July 2018
• Alphabetical List of Entries
  * [[Admission of New States]] * [[American Indians and Federalism]]
  16 KB (1,658 words) - 19:41, 23 July 2022
• Federalism in America: An Encyclopedia
  "'''Federalism''' and its kindred terms (e.g., 'federal') are used, most broadly, to descr (From the entry [[Federalism|"Federalism" by Daniel J. Elazar]])
  6 KB (911 words) - 16:40, 6 March 2018
• Abstention
  ...tate proceeding should be allowed to conclude as both a matter of “our [[federalism]]” and comity. Hence, both of the preceding concepts of the doctrine of a SEE ALSO: [[Comity]]; [[Michigan v. Long]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]; [[Younger v. Harris]]
  1 KB (186 words) - 19:46, 6 July 2018
• Adams, John
  ...he founders who were serious students of politics, none wrote less about [[federalism]] than John Adams (1735–1826). In his major political treatise, the ''Def ...xpense of that of the states. Moreover, he suspected that in the long run, federalism would prove to be an aspiration rather than an institutional reality.
  5 KB (817 words) - 19:51, 6 July 2018
• Fourteenth Amendment
  The second section provides a new formula for representation in Congress to replace the three-fifths clause o ...cipation had been on the table before the war, the struggle had produced a new consensus that compensation was unmerited. Finally, Section 5 succinctly pr
  17 KB (2,624 words) - 23:17, 4 July 2018
• Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
  ...ghway-program turnbacks, state constitutions, and constitutional issues of federalism. Another 194 information reports containing no recommendations, 23 public o ...g and spending. A popular annual volume was Significant Features of Fiscal Federalism, which presented data on changes in tax rates, trends in fiscal relationshi
  11 KB (1,520 words) - 22:41, 10 February 2022
• Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
  ...to tax and spend. It, along with other New Deal programs, also signified a new responsibility of the federal government in promoting economic welfare. ...'Crisis in Agriculture: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the New Deal, 1933'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).
  4 KB (554 words) - 00:29, 11 July 2018
• Alien and Sedition Acts
  ...ited States’ former ally of the Revolution now seemed likely. With these new laws, Federalists would have the power to deport immigrants who were too pr ...invoke the countervailing force of the states, an early test of American [[federalism]].
  6 KB (859 words) - 20:05, 12 July 2018
• American Indians and Federalism
  A common definition of [[federalism]], contained in the majority of American government, state and local politi ...iewed as states, the placement of Indian nations within the U.S. system of federalism has been continuously changing and evolving.
  22 KB (3,370 words) - 23:12, 16 September 2021
• American System
  ...a glorious future. . . . [U]nder Clay’s solicitous care, this rebaptized federalism slowly won its way to the inner councils of government” (Schlesinger 1945 ...icago Press, 1979); Robert V. Remini, ''Andrew Jackson and the Bank War'' (New York: W.W. Norton, 1967); and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., ''The Age of Jacks
  3 KB (425 words) - 20:44, 12 July 2018
• Anti-Federalists
  ...ed to replace the [[Articles of Confederation]]. After ratification of the new Constitution and after the Washington administration took office, the Anti- ...rrangement existing under the Articles of Confederation) that the proposed new national government would be granted.
  8 KB (1,117 words) - 18:28, 13 July 2018
• Articles of Confederation
  ...e Articles established in law several of the main provisions of American [[federalism]] retained and strengthened in the [[U.S. Constitution]] of 1787. ...sembled,” recognizing the completion of the ratification process and the new relationship among the states. As the ''Journal'' shows, the following days
  19 KB (2,844 words) - 22:56, 4 October 2021
• Baker v. Carr (1962)
  ...ns were typically underrepresented in state legislatures. For instance, in New Jersey in 1962, one rural senator represented 49,000 residents, while one u ...hicago Law Review'' 29, no. 4 (1962): 673-704; Franklin Sacha, “Excising Federalism: The Consequences of Baker v. Carr beyond the Electoral Arena,” ''Virgini
  4 KB (515 words) - 22:11, 16 October 2019
• Black, Hugo L.
  ...of the United States|Supreme Court]] in 1937. A strong supporter of the [[New Deal]] and an aggressive critic of big business, he was President [[Rooseve ...egislative apportionment, both of which had profound effects on American [[federalism]]. He wrote the opinion in ''Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edwar
  3 KB (450 words) - 20:02, 16 July 2018
• Block Grants
  ...nd the dollar amount of federal grants tripled. The vast majority of these new grant programs were [[Categorical Grants|categorical grants]], which limite ...om Washington to the States and to the people.” Central to Nixon’s New Federalism was the enactment of General [[Revenue Sharing]] and six special revenue-sh
  8 KB (1,160 words) - 20:13, 16 July 2018
• Brandeis, Louis D.
  ...1993); and Philippa Strum, ''Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People'' (New York: Shocken Books, 1984).
  4 KB (583 words) - 23:59, 2 July 2018
• Brennan, William J., Jr.
  .... Supreme Court]] from 1956 to 1990, and during his tenure he influenced [[federalism]] in a number of important ways. He was a leading voice for the expansive r ...To that end, for Brennan federalism was never a goal unto itself; instead, federalism was a distribution of powers that must ebb and flow with the need to protec
  5 KB (825 words) - 20:21, 16 July 2018
• Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal (1973)
  ...Noise Regulation and the Future of Proprietary Restrictions Comment,” ''New York University Review of Law and Social Change'' 4, no. 1 (1974): 99–114
  2 KB (299 words) - 08:31, 18 October 2019
• Burger, Warren Earl
  ...Court, for example, upheld busing as a remedy for school segregation, gave new meaning to the [[Equal Protection of the Laws|Equal Protection Clause]] in Burger’s concern for [[federalism]] shows up in several areas. He attempted to limit the application of the [
  3 KB (481 words) - 00:26, 17 July 2018
• Calhoun, John C.
  ...itician and political philosopher of [[U.S. Constitution|constitution]], [[federalism]], and [[Sovereignty|state sovereignty]], John Caldwell Calhoun (1782–185 ...leading eventually to “the dissolution of the Union itself.” When the new Tariff of 1832 provided for reduced tariff revenues but retained the approx
  10 KB (1,526 words) - 00:35, 17 July 2018
• Capital Punishment
  ...ecause few areas of American law and practice better illustrate American [[federalism]]. The death penalty in the United States is virtually entirely confined to ...tial numbers of executions between 1930 and 1965, with Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and California joining six southern states (North Carolina, South Car
  20 KB (3,036 words) - 00:49, 17 July 2018
• Carter v. Carter Coal Company (1936)
  ...states. The ''Carter'' case is a good example of these competing views of federalism. ...orge Sutherland’s majority opinion in ''Carter'' advocated a strong dual federalism position. He emphasized that the states existed before the [[U.S. Constitut
  4 KB (551 words) - 08:37, 18 October 2019
• Categorical Grants
  ...es of New Federalism during the [[New Federalism (Nixon)|Nixon]] and [[New Federalism (Reagan)|Reagan]] administrations sought to consolidate dozens of categoric ...Grants]]; [[Crosscutting Requirements]]; [[Crossover Sanctions]]; [[Fiscal Federalism]]; [[Formula Grants]]; [[Grants-in-Aid]]; [[Project Grants]]; [[Rural Polic
  5 KB (767 words) - 04:00, 18 July 2018
• Civil War
  ...d with perfect foresight. The necessities of war demanded new policies and new institutional arrangements, but the chaos and uncertainty of war blurred th ...Emancipation Proclamation. Though rarely framed in terms of its impact on federalism, Lincoln’s decision represented a significant shift in authority on one o
  20 KB (2,997 words) - 03:40, 25 July 2018
• Clay, Henry
  ...development of the early republic, and Clay impacted the development of [[federalism]] in two important policy areas, economic development and states’ rights. ...t a void in national leadership that contributed to the ultimate crisis of federalism in 1860.
  4 KB (537 words) - 03:41, 25 July 2018
• Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
  Congress incorporated a system of “[[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]]” into the CZMA by encouraging coordination and cooperation between appr ...the performance of state management activities. Another amendment set up a new system of Resource Management Improvement Grants in 1980, which preserved c
  6 KB (803 words) - 03:41, 25 July 2018
• Coercive Federalism
  ...alism|dual federalism]] that still operate in the federal system. Coercive federalism has ten significant characteristics. ...e unfunded mandate enactments, but did not eliminate standing mandates and new less costly mandates. According to the Congressional Budget Office, Congres
  8 KB (1,102 words) - 20:13, 23 July 2022
• Comity
  SEE ALSO: [[Abstention]]; [[Michigan v. Long]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]; [[Younger v. Harris]]
  1 KB (199 words) - 08:00, 22 October 2017
• Commerce among the States
  ...hern majority to endanger slavery. The commercially weaker states, such as New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Georgia, all d ...to laissez-faire to a somewhat more socially oriented government, and as [[federalism]] itself changed, the challenge of defining the regulation of commerce in c
  32 KB (5,040 words) - 02:12, 18 June 2019
• Commerce with Foreign Nations
  ...merce has been construed more broadly against and with less deference to [[federalism]] than its domestic analogue. ...olved. ''Zschernig v. Miller'' (1968) introduced this latter doctrine into federalism concerns. There, an Oregon inheritance law aimed at Communist countries pro
  9 KB (1,337 words) - 02:52, 12 July 2018
• Commerce with the Indian Tribes
  ...late them, especially under the [[Rehnquist, William|Rehnquist]] Court’s federalism jurisprudence, which has asserted the power of the Court over application o ...ity Press, 1992), 577–81; and Alex Tallchief Skibine, “The Dialogic of Federalism in Federal Indian Law and the Rehnquist Court: The Need for Coherence and I
  5 KB (708 words) - 02:49, 26 July 2018
• Community Development Block Grants
  ...e centerpieces of President Richard Nixon’s [[New Federalism (Nixon)|New Federalism]] reforms designed to decentralize decision-making responsibilities to stat ...uburban cities, and 165 urban counties. The largest grants were awarded to New York City ($207 million), Chicago ($95 million), and Los Angeles ($83 milli
  7 KB (992 words) - 03:40, 26 July 2018
• Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
  ...stemming from President Richard Nixon’s “[[New Federalism (Nixon)|New Federalism]]” proposals. State and local labor market conditions varied greatly acro Accordingly, CETA represents both noble [[federalism]] intentions and compassion in assisting those truly needing job training a
  4 KB (503 words) - 04:02, 26 July 2018
• Conditional Grants
  ..., no. 1 (March 1989): 193; James L. Sundquist and David W. Davis, ''Making Federalism Work'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1969); and Craig Volden,... [[Category:Fiscal Federalism]]
  4 KB (643 words) - 04:24, 26 July 2018
• Confederate States of America
  ...relocated northern or western interests from percolating upward. However, new states were admitted to the Confederacy upon a two-thirds vote in the House ...cials and by the two-thirds vote of the House and Senate required to admit new states, free or slave, into the Confederacy.
  14 KB (2,086 words) - 03:16, 27 July 2018
• Constitutional Convention of 1787
  ...roduced in American federalism have in turn revolutionized the practice of federalism worldwide. The Convention was the gathering of delegates from 12 of the new American states—Rhode Island never did participate—that wrote the [[U.S
  19 KB (2,995 words) - 04:16, 8 August 2018
• Contract with America
  ...important moment in Republicans’ continued efforts to implement a “New Federalism” by shrinking the national government and devolving discretion over myria ...nced a willingness to use the tactics of “[[Coercive Federalism|coercive federalism]]” whereby the national government withholds funding from states who fail
  4 KB (565 words) - 04:31, 8 August 2018
• Cooperative Federalism
  ...nts. This model can be contrasted with the model of [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]], which maintains that the national and state governments have distinct an In general, cooperative federalism asserts that governmental power is not concentrated at any governmental lev
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• Council of State Governments
  ...s in elections, finances, management, and major policy areas; overviews of federalism and state-local relations; and background information on each state. CSG pu ...zation. Four regional offices (Atlanta; Sacramento; Lombard, Illinois; and New York City) each support a legislative conference (southern, western, midwes
  4 KB (511 words) - 21:46, 3 July 2018
• Covenant
  ...inct from the legal claims and obligations of the parties involved. In the New England colonial context, covenant or foederal theology (foedus, Latin for ...ions of their pact. Several characteristics of covenanting emerge from the New England archetype: an emphasis on self-control as a part of self-rule, the
  4 KB (570 words) - 00:55, 17 July 2018
• Creative Federalism
  ...1960's, [[federalism]] went through a creative phase that saw a flurry of new programs and a greater linkage of the federal, state, and local governments Specifically, three key features of federalism emerged in the creative phase: a proliferation of [[Categorical Grants|cate
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 18:16, 13 August 2018
• Criminal Justice
  ...titutional monolith—fails to account for the basic structure of American federalism. ...rn such as piracy, counterfeiting, and international smuggling (see [[Dual Federalism]]).
  5 KB (798 words) - 22:13, 3 May 2018
• Crosscutting Requirements
  ...984), 7–11; and David B. Walker, ''The Rebirth of Federalism'', 2nd ed. (New York: Chatham House Publishers, 1999). ...Act of 1964]]; [[Crossover Sanctions]]; [[Environmental Policy]]; [[Fiscal Federalism]]; [[Pass through Requirements]]; [[Unfunded Mandates]]
  2 KB (230 words) - 01:27, 4 July 2018
• Crossover Sanctions
  ...tate’s highway construction funds if the state failed to comply with the new federal billboard control requirements. In the Emergency Highway Energy Con ...perative Federalism in the Twentieth Century,” ''Publius: The Journal of Federalism'' 31, no. 2 (Spring 2001): 15–30.
  2 KB (325 words) - 18:52, 13 August 2018
• Deregulation
  ...in some sectors, such as Uber, Lyft, and Airbnb has led both to calls for new types of regulation as well as for deregulation of more traditional competi A few general points about deregulation in the context of federalism are worth noting. First, deregulation illustrates the often-noted tendency
  8 KB (1,113 words) - 05:45, 17 August 2018
• Devolution
  .... Although Reagan convinced Congress to enact new block grants (i.e., nine new block grants in 1981), block grants again never accounted for more than 18 ...idency was deemed devolutionary by some observers because PRWORA created a new block grant, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and allowed st
  9 KB (1,242 words) - 05:48, 17 August 2018
• Dual Federalism
  ...ority by the other. A government organized according to the theory of dual federalism is often compared to a layer cake where each layer represents a different l ...nclude responsibility for the public’s health, safety, and welfare. Dual federalism was the predominant theory for interpreting the Constitution from 1789 to 1
  8 KB (1,180 words) - 06:03, 17 August 2018
• Economic Development
  .... The role of economic development policy in the development of American [[federalism]] has always been inextricably linked to the process of urbanization and in ...ignificant periods of conflict during the period of [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]]. The fundamental differences between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians were
  12 KB (1,646 words) - 06:11, 17 August 2018
• Education
  Public education is a shared responsibility in American [[federalism]]. The system of educational governance facilitates a division of power and
  7 KB (1,045 words) - 06:29, 17 August 2018
• Eisenhower, Dwight D.
  ...oth in terms of politics and policy, to recognize the staying power of the New Deal and the potential positive uses of national government power. .... Indeed, these efforts to address and track the development of American [[federalism]] led to the creation of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relat
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• Elections
  ...y D. Kramer, “Putting the Politics Back into the Political Safeguards of Federalism,” ''Columbia Law Review'' 100 (2000): 215–93; and G. Alan Tarr, ''Under
  8 KB (1,107 words) - 19:04, 27 August 2018
• Electoral College
  ...lection consumed much of the delegates’ attention as they hammered out a new form of government during that long, hot summer in Philadelphia. Two main i ...in modern times, all state legislatures have chosen to blend democracy and federalism into a two-part election cycle.
  12 KB (1,847 words) - 22:42, 2 December 2020
• Extradition and Rendition
  ...y that New Mexico could not refuse to extradite Ortiz. The Court held that New Mexico had gone beyond the appropriate inquiry in an extradition case: “[ ...and Joseph F. Zimmerman, Interstate Relations: The Neglected Dimension of Federalism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
  8 KB (1,317 words) - 20:17, 5 October 2018
• Environmental Policy
  ...nvironmental policy continues to exist within the framework of cooperative federalism. ...C. 703–12) to implement the provisions of the treaty. Challenges to this new Act were upheld on the basis of the federal treaty power. The environmental
  15 KB (2,300 words) - 20:06, 27 August 2018
• Equal Rights Amendment
  ...on demand. The ERA needed 3 more states for ratification in 1982 when the new limit for ratification set by Congress had expired. ...process over again. Many women’s organizations support the passage of a new ERA, including NOW, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the League o
  6 KB (919 words) - 23:20, 6 September 2018
• Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938)
  ...sion, and a majority seemed to agree that it served the principles of both federalism and the separation of powers. ...Reshape the Law,” in ''Civil Procedure Stories'', ed. Kevin M. Clermont (New York: Foundation Press, 2004).
  7 KB (1,107 words) - 20:04, 18 October 2019
• Exclusionary Rule
  ...r the Court, Justice Felix Frankfurter maintained that considerations of [[federalism]] require that the states be given wide latitude in developing remedies for ...d Lloyd L. Weinreb, ed., Leading Constitutional Cases on Criminal Justice (New York: Foundation Press, 2003).
  7 KB (1,054 words) - 23:37, 6 September 2018
• Externalities/Spillovers
  ...rnal of Political Economy'' 89 (1981): 152–65; and Gordon Tullock, ''The New Federalist'' (Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 1994).
  3 KB (455 words) - 08:48, 22 October 2017
• Federal-Local Relations
  Sometimes Congress simply imposes new responsibilities on state and local governments without providing additiona ...and protect them from environmental hazards, without raising income taxes. Federalism allows Congress to satisfy these conflicting desires by delegating responsi
  22 KB (3,235 words) - 20:52, 4 July 2018
• Federal-State Relations
  It is difficult to find a series of events that have tested American federalism more than the fight for racial equality. From the nation’s very beginning ...n local preferences regarding slavery. Territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico were organized without reference to slavery (1850). The Kansas-Nebra
  25 KB (3,755 words) - 01:35, 15 September 2018
• Federalism
  Federalism and its kindred terms (e.g., “federal”) are used, most broadly, to desc ...of the federal principle, (4) mature and emergent federal systems, and (5) federalism and “intergovernmental relations” as distinct political phenomena.
  71 KB (10,449 words) - 05:54, 13 September 2018
• The Federalist Papers
  ...rs for this usage; ''The Federalist Papers'' solidified it. All subsequent federalism has been influenced by the example of “federation” in the United States
  23 KB (3,503 words) - 21:08, 4 July 2018
• Federalists
  ...om a pure and fixed Confederalist standpoint, it was seen as a betrayal of federalism. ...f the member states, and since modern federation retained many elements of federalism while giving them a more effective form.
  6 KB (853 words) - 06:01, 13 September 2018
• Fiscal Federalism
  Fiscal federalism is an economic framework for understanding the relationship among federal, ...al governments. Finally, grants-in-aid become an important topic in fiscal federalism because of the potential mismatch between a government’s expenditure resp
  18 KB (2,598 words) - 23:00, 4 July 2018
• Foreign Affairs and Federalism
  ...and foreign policy activism has been affected by the dynamics of American federalism and intergovernmental relations, but risen over time due to increased globa ...or not this occurs within a framework of conflict or cooperation. Whereas federalism is more legal in nature, intergovernmental relations is more behavioral.
  19 KB (2,742 words) - 23:09, 4 July 2018
• Frankfurter, Felix
  ...l neuroses and frequently enigmatic, conservative judicial posture on many federalism issues surprised, and ultimately disappointed, many of the liberal supporte ...nts in a prominent New York City law firm, the U.S. attorney’s office in New York, and the War Department as the counsel for the Bureau of Insular Affai
  8 KB (1,159 words) - 01:23, 5 July 2018
• Franklin, Benjamin
  ...eace treaty with England largely vitiated the French alliance; his final [[federalism]] was American and neutral. ...ican half, in which he saw the greater future. Those hopes rested with the new union, itself also fragile.
  5 KB (879 words) - 01:26, 5 July 2018
• Fugitive Slave Provision: Article IV
  ...ent of the Fugitive Slave Clause. Part of the [[Compromise of 1850]] was a new Fugitive Slave Act, providing special federal commissioners and other devic Don E. Fehrenbacher, ''The Slave Holding Republic'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
  2 KB (358 words) - 01:28, 5 July 2018
• Fugitive Slaves and American Federalism
  ...id, this case would likely have brought the issues of slavery, comity, and federalism directly before the U.S. Supreme Court. ...theless, the clause in the Ordinance of 1787 established two principles of federalism: first, that the national government had some responsibility to protect the
  10 KB (1,544 words) - 01:32, 5 July 2018
• Full Faith and Credit Clause: Article IV, Section 1
  ...face, the Full Faith and Credit Clause affects the structure of American [[federalism]] and interstate relations in two fundamental ways. First, it requires each ...the Full Faith and Credit Clause provides for a more hierarchical model of federalism. The first provision requires states to extend full faith and credit to the
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• Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)
  ...Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] made a strong redirection on [[federalism]] in interpreting the Tenth Amendment. ...Authority'' 469 U.S. 528 [1985]) was soon to be fulfilled in the enduring federalism debate.
  4 KB (586 words) - 20:11, 18 October 2019
• Gender and Federalism
  A [[Federalism|federal]] system of government is defined as a system in which power is sha ...ates have adopted similar restrictions. Other states, such as Maryland and New York, have few restrictions. States in the Midwest and the South generally
  5 KB (838 words) - 01:41, 5 July 2018
• Governors and Federalism
  ...entury, most governors served two-year terms. Today, only the governors of New Hampshire and Vermont serve two-year terms; the rest serve four-year terms. ...ty of laws. It was not until the late 1930's, and largely in response to [[New Deal]] programs, that the governors began to concern themselves with federa
  20 KB (2,875 words) - 01:46, 5 July 2018
• Grants-in-Aid
  ...al disasters. Grants-in-aid are frequently used to demonstrate or test out new ideas for addressing important public problems and have also been used to e ...new programs were added that expanded federal involvement into a range of new policy areas such as education, employment and training, health, natural re
  8 KB (1,207 words) - 09:03, 22 October 2017
• Guarantee Clause
  ...lican government” can be a textual source of enforceable principles of [[federalism]]. Thus, while historically the clause has been invoked by the executive an ...ention was held in which a new constitution was adopted, and under which a new state government was elected under exercise of a far broader franchise. In
  16 KB (2,271 words) - 01:54, 5 July 2018
• Harlan, John Marshall
  ...e during World War II, and held a number of governmental positions in both New York and Washington. President [[Eisenhower, Dwight D.|Dwight D. Eisenhower ...v. Ohio]]'' (1961) and ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'' (1968). His concern with federalism also caused him to dissent in ''[[Baker v. Carr]]'' (1962), which held that
  4 KB (623 words) - 02:08, 5 July 2018
• Hartford Convention
  .... The convention failed and the Federalists suffered irreparable damage as Federalism became known as “lacking an extensive nationwide outlook” and out of to ...ion. These events led Massachusetts’ Federalists to call a convention of New England states.
  6 KB (800 words) - 02:10, 5 July 2018
• Health Care Policy
  ...been characterized as constitutional federalism or [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]]. During this period, states, local governments, and private charity took ...tes and private sector. This period is often referred to as “cooperative federalism.” Under this model, the federal government was dominant, and the states w
  26 KB (3,778 words) - 02:34, 5 July 2018
• Higher Education Act
  ...t seemed inevitable that higher education federalism—like K-12 education federalism before it—would undergo a significant transformation. ...uality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream (New York: Basic Books, 2014); John R. Thelin, A History of American Higher Educ
  6 KB (914 words) - 02:39, 5 July 2018
• Implied Powers of the U.S. Constitution
  Daniel J. Elazar, ''American Federalism'', 3rd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); and ''McCulloch v. Maryland'', 17 U.S. (4th Seat
  4 KB (661 words) - 02:58, 5 July 2018
• Insurance
  Insurance is of special note in discussions of federalism by virtue of the unique regulatory regime under which it is conducted in th ...rnal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics'' 37 (2009):152-164; and Ethan Marks, “Federalism in an Era of International Free Trade: The General Agreement on Trade in Se
  5 KB (829 words) - 19:21, 6 July 2018
• Intergovernmental Management
  ...Seek program operation information; Seek interpretation of standards; Seek new funding; Seek technical assistance IGM is also an emergent feature known in many countries as executive [[federalism]], that involves joint working sessions between central and state/provincia
  28 KB (4,011 words) - 00:56, 26 September 2018
• Intergovernmental Relations
  ...In the process of discussing these features, the contrasts between IGR and federalism will become apparent. Likewise, a distinction between IGR and intergovernme === IGR AND FEDERALISM: DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTAL UNITS ===
  16 KB (2,263 words) - 01:01, 26 September 2018
• Intergovernmental Tax Immunity
  ...the passage of the 16th Amendment to the [[U.S. Constitution]]. With the [[New Deal]] in the 1930's, the federal government also considerably increased it SEE ALSO: [[Crossover Sanctions]]; [[Environmental Policy]]; [[Fiscal Federalism]]; [[Pass through Requirements]]; [[Unfunded Mandates]]; [[Welfare Po
  4 KB (631 words) - 01:03, 26 September 2018
• Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  ISTEA represented a new approach to surface transportation programs by placing more responsibility ...sportation Environment: A Midterm Assessment,” ''Publius: The Journal of Federalism'' 25 (Summer 1995): 133–54.
  3 KB (482 words) - 01:09, 26 September 2018
• Internal Improvements
  ...s internal improvements. Internal improvements were always a flashpoint of federalism. From the eighteenth-century debates between the [[Federalists]] and [[Anti ...nedy and [[Johnson, Lyndon B.|Lyndon B. Johnson]] saw the establishment of new federal agencies and programs to develop internal improvements as the natio
  4 KB (590 words) - 01:15, 26 September 2018
• Interposition
  ...between the North and the South over slavery and the nature of American [[federalism]] progressed, the slogan of “states’ rights” gradually became tantamo ...interposition morally unsavory. But as long as the institution of American federalism is perpetuated, the debate over the rights of states in the federal arrange
  5 KB (721 words) - 01:21, 26 September 2018
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
  The act changed the dynamics of American [[federalism]]. State and local governments lost some of their lawmaking authority over ...aritime Press, 1972); Henry S. Haines, ''Problems in Railway Regulation'' (New York: Macmillan Company, 1911); Lewis H. Haney, ''Congressional History of
  4 KB (612 words) - 20:28, 29 September 2018
• Interstate Compacts
  The Port of New York Authority Compact of 1921 was the first interstate compact involving r ...nal interest in exploring regional cooperation to extend and augment the [[New Deal]] was high. After the National Industrial Recovery Act was held invali
  8 KB (1,175 words) - 19:04, 19 July 2019
• Interstate Relations
  ...ister states. These later provisions are often refered to as “horizontal federalism.” The [[U.S. Constitution]] contains sections pertaining to state entranc ...a subsidiary of the interstate-established Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, was not shielded with immunity from suit in a U.S. court under the
  23 KB (3,570 words) - 20:48, 29 September 2018
• Jefferson, Thomas
  ...ted States, is an ironic political figure in the development of American [[federalism]]. Though Jefferson favored a stricter interpretation of the [[U.S. Constit ...|Alexander Hamilton]] and [[Marshall, John|John Marshall]], state-centered federalism operated from the premise that the Constitution was a product of state acti
  4 KB (549 words) - 21:04, 29 September 2018
• Johnson, Lyndon B.
  ...eated a short-lived coalition that led to the rapid passage of an array of new intergovernmental programs to carry out his vision. These programs produced ...ncreases in aid to urban governments. In addition, Johnson created several new government agencies to support his vision of an expanded role for the feder
  4 KB (644 words) - 05:36, 2 October 2018
• Layer Cake Federalism
  ...that interaction has changed and evolved over time. Much of the study of [[federalism]] is concerned with understanding the different views of how the interactio ...cake. Because of the analogy, the concept was referred to as “layer cake federalism” and rested on the proposition that federal and state governments have se
  3 KB (514 words) - 05:48, 2 October 2018
• Lincoln, Abraham
  ...perance Address 1842). This constituted an argument for brotherhood as the new focus of political leaders, a main theme of Lincoln’s political thought t ...Texas v. White]]'' (1869) further reconfigured state-centered notions of [[federalism]] into a dual theory of perpetual union in which the states and federal gov
  5 KB (681 words) - 05:51, 2 October 2018
• Lincoln-Douglas Debates
  ...o statesmen was what should be public policy regarding slaveholding in the new U.S. territories carved from western lands obtained in the [[Louisiana Purc ...s would after 1865 concern the states and join with other issues affecting federalism and arising from progressive centralization of all functions of government.
  9 KB (1,364 words) - 03:15, 5 October 2018
• Model Cities Program
  In 1965, Johnson appointed Robert Clifton Weaver as the new secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Weaver moved quickly as r ...abrication methods applied in factories off-site meant quick completion of new homes for those in blighted neighborhoods.
  4 KB (545 words) - 18:35, 2 November 2018
• Missouri Compromise of 1820
  ...shment of free states in the West. In an attempt to remedy this situation, New York Representatives James Tallmadge and John W. Taylor proposed separate b ...ght war, the Missouri Compromise established a precedent central both to [[federalism]] and the continued antagonism between North and South—that the federal g
  3 KB (418 words) - 18:22, 2 November 2018
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
  ...ng it completely. The requirements for Miranda warnings were loosened in ''New York v. Quarles'' (1984), in which the justices decided that Miranda rights ...[[Incorporation (Nationalization) of the Bill of Rights]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]
  3 KB (522 words) - 18:19, 21 October 2019
• Michigan v. Long (1983)
  ...lem for the Court. In ''Michigan v. Long'' (1983), the Court established a new rule for determining whether a state court decision rests on state or feder ...O’Connor]] argued that the ''Long'' rule served the interest of judicial federalism because it provided state courts the opportunity to develop their own law a
  3 KB (432 words) - 18:18, 21 October 2019

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