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• New Federalism (Nixon)
  ...[Johnson, Lyndon B.|Lyndon B. Johnson’s]] [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]], the [[Nixon, Richard M.|Nixon]] administration sought to decentralize pr ...to use the money allocated for supplementing existing services, initiating new programs or reducing taxes. The Nixon administration also proposed creating
  2 KB (257 words) - 20:21, 27 November 2018
• New Federalism (Reagan)
  ...gress]] and [[Executive Orders|executive orders]] to implement many of his federalism reforms, but many more of his proposals failed after confronting practical ...Federalism|dual federalism]] more than the [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]] of the previous decades.
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 00:46, 28 November 2018
• New Judicial Federalism
  See [[State Constitutional Rights Federalism]].
  47 bytes (5 words) - 22:53, 4 September 2020
• New Partnership Federalism
  ...rtnership Federalism was a subtype of [[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]] that focused heavily on the revitalization of urban communities. ...an regions, to help younger cities confront the challenges associated with new growth, and to deliver improved community services, housing, and job opport
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Page text matches

• Abortion
  ...e Supreme Court via  ''Roe''  and its progeny violates the tenets of [[federalism]], and whether Congress, in issuing legislation governing abortion, violate ...th Control League founded in 1921 by Margaret Sanger, propelled 4 states—New York, Hawaii, Alaska, and Washington—to repeal their criminal abortion st
  22 KB (3,400 words) - 19:45, 6 July 2018
• Alphabetical List of Entries
  * [[Admission of New States]] * [[American Indians and Federalism]]
  16 KB (1,658 words) - 19:41, 23 July 2022
• Federalism in America: An Encyclopedia
  "'''Federalism''' and its kindred terms (e.g., 'federal') are used, most broadly, to descr (From the entry [[Federalism|"Federalism" by Daniel J. Elazar]])
  6 KB (911 words) - 16:40, 6 March 2018
• Abstention
  ...tate proceeding should be allowed to conclude as both a matter of “our [[federalism]]” and comity. Hence, both of the preceding concepts of the doctrine of a SEE ALSO: [[Comity]]; [[Michigan v. Long]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]; [[Younger v. Harris]]
  1 KB (186 words) - 19:46, 6 July 2018
• Adams, John
  ...he founders who were serious students of politics, none wrote less about [[federalism]] than John Adams (1735–1826). In his major political treatise, the ''Def ...xpense of that of the states. Moreover, he suspected that in the long run, federalism would prove to be an aspiration rather than an institutional reality.
  5 KB (817 words) - 19:51, 6 July 2018
• Fourteenth Amendment
  The second section provides a new formula for representation in Congress to replace the three-fifths clause o ...cipation had been on the table before the war, the struggle had produced a new consensus that compensation was unmerited. Finally, Section 5 succinctly pr
  17 KB (2,624 words) - 23:17, 4 July 2018
• Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
  ...ghway-program turnbacks, state constitutions, and constitutional issues of federalism. Another 194 information reports containing no recommendations, 23 public o ...g and spending. A popular annual volume was Significant Features of Fiscal Federalism, which presented data on changes in tax rates, trends in fiscal relationshi
  11 KB (1,520 words) - 22:41, 10 February 2022
• Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
  ...to tax and spend. It, along with other New Deal programs, also signified a new responsibility of the federal government in promoting economic welfare. ...'Crisis in Agriculture: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the New Deal, 1933'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969).
  4 KB (554 words) - 00:29, 11 July 2018
• Alien and Sedition Acts
  ...ited States’ former ally of the Revolution now seemed likely. With these new laws, Federalists would have the power to deport immigrants who were too pr ...invoke the countervailing force of the states, an early test of American [[federalism]].
  6 KB (859 words) - 20:05, 12 July 2018
• American Indians and Federalism
  A common definition of [[federalism]], contained in the majority of American government, state and local politi ...iewed as states, the placement of Indian nations within the U.S. system of federalism has been continuously changing and evolving.
  22 KB (3,370 words) - 23:12, 16 September 2021
• American System
  ...a glorious future. . . . [U]nder Clay’s solicitous care, this rebaptized federalism slowly won its way to the inner councils of government” (Schlesinger 1945 ...icago Press, 1979); Robert V. Remini, ''Andrew Jackson and the Bank War'' (New York: W.W. Norton, 1967); and Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., ''The Age of Jacks
  3 KB (425 words) - 20:44, 12 July 2018
• Anti-Federalists
  ...ed to replace the [[Articles of Confederation]]. After ratification of the new Constitution and after the Washington administration took office, the Anti- ...rrangement existing under the Articles of Confederation) that the proposed new national government would be granted.
  8 KB (1,117 words) - 18:28, 13 July 2018
• Articles of Confederation
  ...e Articles established in law several of the main provisions of American [[federalism]] retained and strengthened in the [[U.S. Constitution]] of 1787. ...sembled,” recognizing the completion of the ratification process and the new relationship among the states. As the ''Journal'' shows, the following days
  19 KB (2,844 words) - 22:56, 4 October 2021
• Baker v. Carr (1962)
  ...ns were typically underrepresented in state legislatures. For instance, in New Jersey in 1962, one rural senator represented 49,000 residents, while one u ...hicago Law Review'' 29, no. 4 (1962): 673-704; Franklin Sacha, “Excising Federalism: The Consequences of Baker v. Carr beyond the Electoral Arena,” ''Virgini
  4 KB (515 words) - 22:11, 16 October 2019
• Black, Hugo L.
  ...of the United States|Supreme Court]] in 1937. A strong supporter of the [[New Deal]] and an aggressive critic of big business, he was President [[Rooseve ...egislative apportionment, both of which had profound effects on American [[federalism]]. He wrote the opinion in ''Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edwar
  3 KB (450 words) - 20:02, 16 July 2018
• Block Grants
  ...nd the dollar amount of federal grants tripled. The vast majority of these new grant programs were [[Categorical Grants|categorical grants]], which limite ...om Washington to the States and to the people.” Central to Nixon’s New Federalism was the enactment of General [[Revenue Sharing]] and six special revenue-sh
  8 KB (1,160 words) - 20:13, 16 July 2018
• Brandeis, Louis D.
  ...1993); and Philippa Strum, ''Louis D. Brandeis: Justice for the People'' (New York: Shocken Books, 1984).
  4 KB (583 words) - 23:59, 2 July 2018
• Brennan, William J., Jr.
  .... Supreme Court]] from 1956 to 1990, and during his tenure he influenced [[federalism]] in a number of important ways. He was a leading voice for the expansive r ...To that end, for Brennan federalism was never a goal unto itself; instead, federalism was a distribution of powers that must ebb and flow with the need to protec
  5 KB (825 words) - 20:21, 16 July 2018
• Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal (1973)
  ...Noise Regulation and the Future of Proprietary Restrictions Comment,” ''New York University Review of Law and Social Change'' 4, no. 1 (1974): 99–114
  2 KB (299 words) - 08:31, 18 October 2019
• Burger, Warren Earl
  ...Court, for example, upheld busing as a remedy for school segregation, gave new meaning to the [[Equal Protection of the Laws|Equal Protection Clause]] in Burger’s concern for [[federalism]] shows up in several areas. He attempted to limit the application of the [
  3 KB (481 words) - 00:26, 17 July 2018
• Calhoun, John C.
  ...itician and political philosopher of [[U.S. Constitution|constitution]], [[federalism]], and [[Sovereignty|state sovereignty]], John Caldwell Calhoun (1782–185 ...leading eventually to “the dissolution of the Union itself.” When the new Tariff of 1832 provided for reduced tariff revenues but retained the approx
  10 KB (1,526 words) - 00:35, 17 July 2018
• Capital Punishment
  ...ecause few areas of American law and practice better illustrate American [[federalism]]. The death penalty in the United States is virtually entirely confined to ...tial numbers of executions between 1930 and 1965, with Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and California joining six southern states (North Carolina, South Car
  20 KB (3,036 words) - 00:49, 17 July 2018
• Carter v. Carter Coal Company (1936)
  ...states. The ''Carter'' case is a good example of these competing views of federalism. ...orge Sutherland’s majority opinion in ''Carter'' advocated a strong dual federalism position. He emphasized that the states existed before the [[U.S. Constitut
  4 KB (551 words) - 08:37, 18 October 2019
• Categorical Grants
  ...es of New Federalism during the [[New Federalism (Nixon)|Nixon]] and [[New Federalism (Reagan)|Reagan]] administrations sought to consolidate dozens of categoric ...Grants]]; [[Crosscutting Requirements]]; [[Crossover Sanctions]]; [[Fiscal Federalism]]; [[Formula Grants]]; [[Grants-in-Aid]]; [[Project Grants]]; [[Rural Polic
  5 KB (767 words) - 04:00, 18 July 2018
• Civil War
  ...d with perfect foresight. The necessities of war demanded new policies and new institutional arrangements, but the chaos and uncertainty of war blurred th ...Emancipation Proclamation. Though rarely framed in terms of its impact on federalism, Lincoln’s decision represented a significant shift in authority on one o
  20 KB (2,997 words) - 03:40, 25 July 2018
• Clay, Henry
  ...development of the early republic, and Clay impacted the development of [[federalism]] in two important policy areas, economic development and states’ rights. ...t a void in national leadership that contributed to the ultimate crisis of federalism in 1860.
  4 KB (537 words) - 03:41, 25 July 2018
• Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972
  Congress incorporated a system of “[[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]]” into the CZMA by encouraging coordination and cooperation between appr ...the performance of state management activities. Another amendment set up a new system of Resource Management Improvement Grants in 1980, which preserved c
  6 KB (803 words) - 03:41, 25 July 2018
• Coercive Federalism
  ...alism|dual federalism]] that still operate in the federal system. Coercive federalism has ten significant characteristics. ...e unfunded mandate enactments, but did not eliminate standing mandates and new less costly mandates. According to the Congressional Budget Office, Congres
  8 KB (1,102 words) - 20:13, 23 July 2022
• Comity
  SEE ALSO: [[Abstention]]; [[Michigan v. Long]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]; [[Younger v. Harris]]
  1 KB (199 words) - 08:00, 22 October 2017
• Commerce among the States
  ...hern majority to endanger slavery. The commercially weaker states, such as New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, and Georgia, all d ...to laissez-faire to a somewhat more socially oriented government, and as [[federalism]] itself changed, the challenge of defining the regulation of commerce in c
  32 KB (5,040 words) - 02:12, 18 June 2019
• Commerce with Foreign Nations
  ...merce has been construed more broadly against and with less deference to [[federalism]] than its domestic analogue. ...olved. ''Zschernig v. Miller'' (1968) introduced this latter doctrine into federalism concerns. There, an Oregon inheritance law aimed at Communist countries pro
  9 KB (1,337 words) - 02:52, 12 July 2018
• Commerce with the Indian Tribes
  ...late them, especially under the [[Rehnquist, William|Rehnquist]] Court’s federalism jurisprudence, which has asserted the power of the Court over application o ...ity Press, 1992), 577–81; and Alex Tallchief Skibine, “The Dialogic of Federalism in Federal Indian Law and the Rehnquist Court: The Need for Coherence and I
  5 KB (708 words) - 02:49, 26 July 2018
• Community Development Block Grants
  ...e centerpieces of President Richard Nixon’s [[New Federalism (Nixon)|New Federalism]] reforms designed to decentralize decision-making responsibilities to stat ...uburban cities, and 165 urban counties. The largest grants were awarded to New York City ($207 million), Chicago ($95 million), and Los Angeles ($83 milli
  7 KB (992 words) - 03:40, 26 July 2018
• Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
  ...stemming from President Richard Nixon’s “[[New Federalism (Nixon)|New Federalism]]” proposals. State and local labor market conditions varied greatly acro Accordingly, CETA represents both noble [[federalism]] intentions and compassion in assisting those truly needing job training a
  4 KB (503 words) - 04:02, 26 July 2018
• Conditional Grants
  ..., no. 1 (March 1989): 193; James L. Sundquist and David W. Davis, ''Making Federalism Work'' (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1969); and Craig Volden,... [[Category:Fiscal Federalism]]
  4 KB (643 words) - 04:24, 26 July 2018
• Confederate States of America
  ...relocated northern or western interests from percolating upward. However, new states were admitted to the Confederacy upon a two-thirds vote in the House ...cials and by the two-thirds vote of the House and Senate required to admit new states, free or slave, into the Confederacy.
  14 KB (2,086 words) - 03:16, 27 July 2018
• Constitutional Convention of 1787
  ...roduced in American federalism have in turn revolutionized the practice of federalism worldwide. The Convention was the gathering of delegates from 12 of the new American states—Rhode Island never did participate—that wrote the [[U.S
  19 KB (2,995 words) - 04:16, 8 August 2018
• Contract with America
  ...important moment in Republicans’ continued efforts to implement a “New Federalism” by shrinking the national government and devolving discretion over myria ...nced a willingness to use the tactics of “[[Coercive Federalism|coercive federalism]]” whereby the national government withholds funding from states who fail
  4 KB (565 words) - 04:31, 8 August 2018
• Cooperative Federalism
  ...nts. This model can be contrasted with the model of [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]], which maintains that the national and state governments have distinct an In general, cooperative federalism asserts that governmental power is not concentrated at any governmental lev
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• Council of State Governments
  ...s in elections, finances, management, and major policy areas; overviews of federalism and state-local relations; and background information on each state. CSG pu ...zation. Four regional offices (Atlanta; Sacramento; Lombard, Illinois; and New York City) each support a legislative conference (southern, western, midwes
  4 KB (511 words) - 21:46, 3 July 2018
• Covenant
  ...inct from the legal claims and obligations of the parties involved. In the New England colonial context, covenant or foederal theology (foedus, Latin for ...ions of their pact. Several characteristics of covenanting emerge from the New England archetype: an emphasis on self-control as a part of self-rule, the
  4 KB (570 words) - 00:55, 17 July 2018
• Creative Federalism
  ...1960's, [[federalism]] went through a creative phase that saw a flurry of new programs and a greater linkage of the federal, state, and local governments Specifically, three key features of federalism emerged in the creative phase: a proliferation of [[Categorical Grants|cate
  8 KB (1,112 words) - 18:16, 13 August 2018
• Criminal Justice
  ...titutional monolith—fails to account for the basic structure of American federalism. ...rn such as piracy, counterfeiting, and international smuggling (see [[Dual Federalism]]).
  5 KB (798 words) - 22:13, 3 May 2018
• Crosscutting Requirements
  ...984), 7–11; and David B. Walker, ''The Rebirth of Federalism'', 2nd ed. (New York: Chatham House Publishers, 1999). ...Act of 1964]]; [[Crossover Sanctions]]; [[Environmental Policy]]; [[Fiscal Federalism]]; [[Pass through Requirements]]; [[Unfunded Mandates]]
  2 KB (230 words) - 01:27, 4 July 2018
• Crossover Sanctions
  ...tate’s highway construction funds if the state failed to comply with the new federal billboard control requirements. In the Emergency Highway Energy Con ...perative Federalism in the Twentieth Century,” ''Publius: The Journal of Federalism'' 31, no. 2 (Spring 2001): 15–30.
  2 KB (325 words) - 18:52, 13 August 2018
• Deregulation
  ...in some sectors, such as Uber, Lyft, and Airbnb has led both to calls for new types of regulation as well as for deregulation of more traditional competi A few general points about deregulation in the context of federalism are worth noting. First, deregulation illustrates the often-noted tendency
  8 KB (1,113 words) - 05:45, 17 August 2018
• Devolution
  .... Although Reagan convinced Congress to enact new block grants (i.e., nine new block grants in 1981), block grants again never accounted for more than 18 ...idency was deemed devolutionary by some observers because PRWORA created a new block grant, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), and allowed st
  9 KB (1,242 words) - 05:48, 17 August 2018
• Dual Federalism
  ...ority by the other. A government organized according to the theory of dual federalism is often compared to a layer cake where each layer represents a different l ...nclude responsibility for the public’s health, safety, and welfare. Dual federalism was the predominant theory for interpreting the Constitution from 1789 to 1
  8 KB (1,180 words) - 06:03, 17 August 2018
• Economic Development
  .... The role of economic development policy in the development of American [[federalism]] has always been inextricably linked to the process of urbanization and in ...ignificant periods of conflict during the period of [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]]. The fundamental differences between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians were
  12 KB (1,646 words) - 06:11, 17 August 2018
• Education
  Public education is a shared responsibility in American [[federalism]]. The system of educational governance facilitates a division of power and
  7 KB (1,045 words) - 06:29, 17 August 2018
• Eisenhower, Dwight D.
  ...oth in terms of politics and policy, to recognize the staying power of the New Deal and the potential positive uses of national government power. .... Indeed, these efforts to address and track the development of American [[federalism]] led to the creation of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relat
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• Elections
  ...y D. Kramer, “Putting the Politics Back into the Political Safeguards of Federalism,” ''Columbia Law Review'' 100 (2000): 215–93; and G. Alan Tarr, ''Under
  8 KB (1,107 words) - 19:04, 27 August 2018
• Electoral College
  ...lection consumed much of the delegates’ attention as they hammered out a new form of government during that long, hot summer in Philadelphia. Two main i ...in modern times, all state legislatures have chosen to blend democracy and federalism into a two-part election cycle.
  12 KB (1,847 words) - 22:42, 2 December 2020
• Extradition and Rendition
  ...y that New Mexico could not refuse to extradite Ortiz. The Court held that New Mexico had gone beyond the appropriate inquiry in an extradition case: “[ ...and Joseph F. Zimmerman, Interstate Relations: The Neglected Dimension of Federalism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996).
  8 KB (1,317 words) - 20:17, 5 October 2018
• Environmental Policy
  ...nvironmental policy continues to exist within the framework of cooperative federalism. ...C. 703–12) to implement the provisions of the treaty. Challenges to this new Act were upheld on the basis of the federal treaty power. The environmental
  15 KB (2,300 words) - 20:06, 27 August 2018
• Equal Rights Amendment
  ...on demand. The ERA needed 3 more states for ratification in 1982 when the new limit for ratification set by Congress had expired. ...process over again. Many women’s organizations support the passage of a new ERA, including NOW, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the League o
  6 KB (919 words) - 23:20, 6 September 2018
• Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938)
  ...sion, and a majority seemed to agree that it served the principles of both federalism and the separation of powers. ...Reshape the Law,” in ''Civil Procedure Stories'', ed. Kevin M. Clermont (New York: Foundation Press, 2004).
  7 KB (1,107 words) - 20:04, 18 October 2019
• Exclusionary Rule
  ...r the Court, Justice Felix Frankfurter maintained that considerations of [[federalism]] require that the states be given wide latitude in developing remedies for ...d Lloyd L. Weinreb, ed., Leading Constitutional Cases on Criminal Justice (New York: Foundation Press, 2003).
  7 KB (1,054 words) - 23:37, 6 September 2018
• Externalities/Spillovers
  ...rnal of Political Economy'' 89 (1981): 152–65; and Gordon Tullock, ''The New Federalist'' (Vancouver: Fraser Institute, 1994).
  3 KB (455 words) - 08:48, 22 October 2017
• Federal-Local Relations
  Sometimes Congress simply imposes new responsibilities on state and local governments without providing additiona ...and protect them from environmental hazards, without raising income taxes. Federalism allows Congress to satisfy these conflicting desires by delegating responsi
  22 KB (3,235 words) - 20:52, 4 July 2018
• Federal-State Relations
  It is difficult to find a series of events that have tested American federalism more than the fight for racial equality. From the nation’s very beginning ...n local preferences regarding slavery. Territorial governments in Utah and New Mexico were organized without reference to slavery (1850). The Kansas-Nebra
  25 KB (3,755 words) - 01:35, 15 September 2018
• Federalism
  Federalism and its kindred terms (e.g., “federal”) are used, most broadly, to desc ...of the federal principle, (4) mature and emergent federal systems, and (5) federalism and “intergovernmental relations” as distinct political phenomena.
  71 KB (10,449 words) - 05:54, 13 September 2018
• The Federalist Papers
  ...rs for this usage; ''The Federalist Papers'' solidified it. All subsequent federalism has been influenced by the example of “federation” in the United States
  23 KB (3,503 words) - 21:08, 4 July 2018
• Federalists
  ...om a pure and fixed Confederalist standpoint, it was seen as a betrayal of federalism. ...f the member states, and since modern federation retained many elements of federalism while giving them a more effective form.
  6 KB (853 words) - 06:01, 13 September 2018
• Fiscal Federalism
  Fiscal federalism is an economic framework for understanding the relationship among federal, ...al governments. Finally, grants-in-aid become an important topic in fiscal federalism because of the potential mismatch between a government’s expenditure resp
  18 KB (2,598 words) - 23:00, 4 July 2018
• Foreign Affairs and Federalism
  ...and foreign policy activism has been affected by the dynamics of American federalism and intergovernmental relations, but risen over time due to increased globa ...or not this occurs within a framework of conflict or cooperation. Whereas federalism is more legal in nature, intergovernmental relations is more behavioral.
  19 KB (2,742 words) - 23:09, 4 July 2018
• Frankfurter, Felix
  ...l neuroses and frequently enigmatic, conservative judicial posture on many federalism issues surprised, and ultimately disappointed, many of the liberal supporte ...nts in a prominent New York City law firm, the U.S. attorney’s office in New York, and the War Department as the counsel for the Bureau of Insular Affai
  8 KB (1,159 words) - 01:23, 5 July 2018
• Franklin, Benjamin
  ...eace treaty with England largely vitiated the French alliance; his final [[federalism]] was American and neutral. ...ican half, in which he saw the greater future. Those hopes rested with the new union, itself also fragile.
  5 KB (879 words) - 01:26, 5 July 2018
• Fugitive Slave Provision: Article IV
  ...ent of the Fugitive Slave Clause. Part of the [[Compromise of 1850]] was a new Fugitive Slave Act, providing special federal commissioners and other devic Don E. Fehrenbacher, ''The Slave Holding Republic'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
  2 KB (358 words) - 01:28, 5 July 2018
• Fugitive Slaves and American Federalism
  ...id, this case would likely have brought the issues of slavery, comity, and federalism directly before the U.S. Supreme Court. ...theless, the clause in the Ordinance of 1787 established two principles of federalism: first, that the national government had some responsibility to protect the
  10 KB (1,544 words) - 01:32, 5 July 2018
• Full Faith and Credit Clause: Article IV, Section 1
  ...face, the Full Faith and Credit Clause affects the structure of American [[federalism]] and interstate relations in two fundamental ways. First, it requires each ...the Full Faith and Credit Clause provides for a more hierarchical model of federalism. The first provision requires states to extend full faith and credit to the
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• Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)
  ...Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] made a strong redirection on [[federalism]] in interpreting the Tenth Amendment. ...Authority'' 469 U.S. 528 [1985]) was soon to be fulfilled in the enduring federalism debate.
  4 KB (586 words) - 20:11, 18 October 2019
• Gender and Federalism
  A [[Federalism|federal]] system of government is defined as a system in which power is sha ...ates have adopted similar restrictions. Other states, such as Maryland and New York, have few restrictions. States in the Midwest and the South generally
  5 KB (838 words) - 01:41, 5 July 2018
• Governors and Federalism
  ...entury, most governors served two-year terms. Today, only the governors of New Hampshire and Vermont serve two-year terms; the rest serve four-year terms. ...ty of laws. It was not until the late 1930's, and largely in response to [[New Deal]] programs, that the governors began to concern themselves with federa
  20 KB (2,875 words) - 01:46, 5 July 2018
• Grants-in-Aid
  ...al disasters. Grants-in-aid are frequently used to demonstrate or test out new ideas for addressing important public problems and have also been used to e ...new programs were added that expanded federal involvement into a range of new policy areas such as education, employment and training, health, natural re
  8 KB (1,207 words) - 09:03, 22 October 2017
• Guarantee Clause
  ...lican government” can be a textual source of enforceable principles of [[federalism]]. Thus, while historically the clause has been invoked by the executive an ...ention was held in which a new constitution was adopted, and under which a new state government was elected under exercise of a far broader franchise. In
  16 KB (2,271 words) - 01:54, 5 July 2018
• Harlan, John Marshall
  ...e during World War II, and held a number of governmental positions in both New York and Washington. President [[Eisenhower, Dwight D.|Dwight D. Eisenhower ...v. Ohio]]'' (1961) and ''[[Miranda v. Arizona]]'' (1968). His concern with federalism also caused him to dissent in ''[[Baker v. Carr]]'' (1962), which held that
  4 KB (623 words) - 02:08, 5 July 2018
• Hartford Convention
  .... The convention failed and the Federalists suffered irreparable damage as Federalism became known as “lacking an extensive nationwide outlook” and out of to ...ion. These events led Massachusetts’ Federalists to call a convention of New England states.
  6 KB (800 words) - 02:10, 5 July 2018
• Health Care Policy
  ...been characterized as constitutional federalism or [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]]. During this period, states, local governments, and private charity took ...tes and private sector. This period is often referred to as “cooperative federalism.” Under this model, the federal government was dominant, and the states w
  26 KB (3,778 words) - 02:34, 5 July 2018
• Higher Education Act
  ...t seemed inevitable that higher education federalism—like K-12 education federalism before it—would undergo a significant transformation. ...uality: How the Politics of Higher Education Sabotaged the American Dream (New York: Basic Books, 2014); John R. Thelin, A History of American Higher Educ
  6 KB (914 words) - 02:39, 5 July 2018
• Implied Powers of the U.S. Constitution
  Daniel J. Elazar, ''American Federalism'', 3rd ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1984); and ''McCulloch v. Maryland'', 17 U.S. (4th Seat
  4 KB (661 words) - 02:58, 5 July 2018
• Insurance
  Insurance is of special note in discussions of federalism by virtue of the unique regulatory regime under which it is conducted in th ...rnal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics'' 37 (2009):152-164; and Ethan Marks, “Federalism in an Era of International Free Trade: The General Agreement on Trade in Se
  5 KB (829 words) - 19:21, 6 July 2018
• Intergovernmental Management
  ...Seek program operation information; Seek interpretation of standards; Seek new funding; Seek technical assistance IGM is also an emergent feature known in many countries as executive [[federalism]], that involves joint working sessions between central and state/provincia
  28 KB (4,011 words) - 00:56, 26 September 2018
• Intergovernmental Relations
  ...In the process of discussing these features, the contrasts between IGR and federalism will become apparent. Likewise, a distinction between IGR and intergovernme === IGR AND FEDERALISM: DIFFERENT GOVERNMENTAL UNITS ===
  16 KB (2,263 words) - 01:01, 26 September 2018
• Intergovernmental Tax Immunity
  ...the passage of the 16th Amendment to the [[U.S. Constitution]]. With the [[New Deal]] in the 1930's, the federal government also considerably increased it SEE ALSO: [[Crossover Sanctions]]; [[Environmental Policy]]; [[Fiscal Federalism]]; [[Pass through Requirements]]; [[Unfunded Mandates]]; [[Welfare Po
  4 KB (631 words) - 01:03, 26 September 2018
• Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
  ISTEA represented a new approach to surface transportation programs by placing more responsibility ...sportation Environment: A Midterm Assessment,” ''Publius: The Journal of Federalism'' 25 (Summer 1995): 133–54.
  3 KB (482 words) - 01:09, 26 September 2018
• Internal Improvements
  ...s internal improvements. Internal improvements were always a flashpoint of federalism. From the eighteenth-century debates between the [[Federalists]] and [[Anti ...nedy and [[Johnson, Lyndon B.|Lyndon B. Johnson]] saw the establishment of new federal agencies and programs to develop internal improvements as the natio
  4 KB (590 words) - 01:15, 26 September 2018
• Interposition
  ...between the North and the South over slavery and the nature of American [[federalism]] progressed, the slogan of “states’ rights” gradually became tantamo ...interposition morally unsavory. But as long as the institution of American federalism is perpetuated, the debate over the rights of states in the federal arrange
  5 KB (721 words) - 01:21, 26 September 2018
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
  The act changed the dynamics of American [[federalism]]. State and local governments lost some of their lawmaking authority over ...aritime Press, 1972); Henry S. Haines, ''Problems in Railway Regulation'' (New York: Macmillan Company, 1911); Lewis H. Haney, ''Congressional History of
  4 KB (612 words) - 20:28, 29 September 2018
• Interstate Compacts
  The Port of New York Authority Compact of 1921 was the first interstate compact involving r ...nal interest in exploring regional cooperation to extend and augment the [[New Deal]] was high. After the National Industrial Recovery Act was held invali
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• Interstate Relations
  ...ister states. These later provisions are often refered to as “horizontal federalism.” The [[U.S. Constitution]] contains sections pertaining to state entranc ...a subsidiary of the interstate-established Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, was not shielded with immunity from suit in a U.S. court under the
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• Jefferson, Thomas
  ...ted States, is an ironic political figure in the development of American [[federalism]]. Though Jefferson favored a stricter interpretation of the [[U.S. Constit ...|Alexander Hamilton]] and [[Marshall, John|John Marshall]], state-centered federalism operated from the premise that the Constitution was a product of state acti
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• Johnson, Lyndon B.
  ...eated a short-lived coalition that led to the rapid passage of an array of new intergovernmental programs to carry out his vision. These programs produced ...ncreases in aid to urban governments. In addition, Johnson created several new government agencies to support his vision of an expanded role for the feder
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• Layer Cake Federalism
  ...that interaction has changed and evolved over time. Much of the study of [[federalism]] is concerned with understanding the different views of how the interactio ...cake. Because of the analogy, the concept was referred to as “layer cake federalism” and rested on the proposition that federal and state governments have se
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• Lincoln, Abraham
  ...perance Address 1842). This constituted an argument for brotherhood as the new focus of political leaders, a main theme of Lincoln’s political thought t ...Texas v. White]]'' (1869) further reconfigured state-centered notions of [[federalism]] into a dual theory of perpetual union in which the states and federal gov
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• Lincoln-Douglas Debates
  ...o statesmen was what should be public policy regarding slaveholding in the new U.S. territories carved from western lands obtained in the [[Louisiana Purc ...s would after 1865 concern the states and join with other issues affecting federalism and arising from progressive centralization of all functions of government.
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• Model Cities Program
  In 1965, Johnson appointed Robert Clifton Weaver as the new secretary of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Weaver moved quickly as r ...abrication methods applied in factories off-site meant quick completion of new homes for those in blighted neighborhoods.
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• Missouri Compromise of 1820
  ...shment of free states in the West. In an attempt to remedy this situation, New York Representatives James Tallmadge and John W. Taylor proposed separate b ...ght war, the Missouri Compromise established a precedent central both to [[federalism]] and the continued antagonism between North and South—that the federal g
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• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
  ...ng it completely. The requirements for Miranda warnings were loosened in ''New York v. Quarles'' (1984), in which the justices decided that Miranda rights ...[[Incorporation (Nationalization) of the Bill of Rights]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]
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• Michigan v. Long (1983)
  ...lem for the Court. In ''Michigan v. Long'' (1983), the Court established a new rule for determining whether a state court decision rests on state or feder ...O’Connor]] argued that the ''Long'' rule served the interest of judicial federalism because it provided state courts the opportunity to develop their own law a
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• Marble Cake Federalism
  ...odel of [[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]]. This model of [[federalism]] holds that the local, state, and national governments do not act in separ ...eorists contend that marble cake federalism came into existence during the New Deal era of the 1930's. It was during this time that the Democratic majorit
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• Marshall, John
  ...States|U.S. Supreme Court]] as the primary arbiter of disputes concerning federalism, and as the constitutional watchdog for an effective and functional nationa ...cted through state conventions, were the active agents in establishing the new government. He would return to that position later in his opinion when he p
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• McCarran-Ferguson Act
  ...gislation relating specifically to the business of insurance. The State of New York undertook the first effort to systematically organize pertinent state Spencer L. Kimball and Barbara P. Heaney, ''Federalism and Insurance Regulation: Basic Source Materials'' (Kansas City: National A
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• Military Affairs
  ...actions is also constitutionally mandated, within a specified time period. Federalism has also emerged in the formation of initially state militias and later the ...71); and John K. Mahon, ''History of the Militia and the National Guard'' (New York: Macmillan; London: Collier Macmillan, 1983).
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• Missouri v. Holland (1920)
  The relationship between the treaty power and U.S. [[Federalism]] has been a recurring matter of controversy throughout the nation’s hist ...t]] decision addressing the relationship between the treaty power and U.S. federalism is the Court’s 1920 decision in ''Missouri v. Holland''. The ''Holland''
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• Morality Policy
  ...ffective unit and threatening the long-term stability and integrity of the new nation. While a stronger central government was thus necessary, a national ...by 1869, excommunication for physicians who perform abortions becomes the new Roman Catholic Church policy.
  20 KB (3,071 words) - 04:27, 9 November 2018
• National Labor Relations Act of 1935
  ...meant that the Court would now adopt [[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]] as the operating principal behind federal-state relations, and it opened
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• National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation (1937)
  ...pack” the Court with new justices who would be more sympathetic to his New Deal. Despite Roosevelt’s great popularity, Congress was skeptical about
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• National League of Cities v. Usery (1976)
  ...tion.” This view of national supremacy via the Commerce Clause dominated federalism jurisprudence throughout the period and was reflected in the precedents aff ...private citizens, but to the States as States.” Thus, for constitutional federalism, the Court affirmed “States as States” as a critical “attribute of so
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• Native Americans
  ...tive federalism (1932–68), new federalism (1968–88) and state-centered federalism (1986–?). In each era the federal-state relationship changes, as does the === DUAL FEDERALISM ===
  8 KB (1,155 words) - 23:14, 16 September 2021
• New Deal
  ...than a series of actions responding to the Great Depression; it created a new governing philosophy for the nation. ...onship between the individual and government that became the foundation of New Deal thought.
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• New Federalism (Nixon)
  ...[Johnson, Lyndon B.|Lyndon B. Johnson’s]] [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]], the [[Nixon, Richard M.|Nixon]] administration sought to decentralize pr ...to use the money allocated for supplementing existing services, initiating new programs or reducing taxes. The Nixon administration also proposed creating
  2 KB (257 words) - 20:21, 27 November 2018
• New Federalism (Reagan)
  ...gress]] and [[Executive Orders|executive orders]] to implement many of his federalism reforms, but many more of his proposals failed after confronting practical ...Federalism|dual federalism]] more than the [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]] of the previous decades.
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 00:46, 28 November 2018
• New Partnership Federalism
  ...rtnership Federalism was a subtype of [[Cooperative Federalism|cooperative federalism]] that focused heavily on the revitalization of urban communities. ...an regions, to help younger cities confront the challenges associated with new growth, and to deliver improved community services, housing, and job opport
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• New State Ice Company v. Liebmann (1932)
  ...nterprises and thus confer a de facto monopoly on the existing businesses. New State Ice Company brought suit under the statute to enjoin Ernest Liebmann ...devotion to [[federalism]]. As he saw it, states should be free to fashion new solutions to economic and social concerns.
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• New York v. United States (1992)
  ...ime it was handed down, it marked the beginning of a renewed interest in [[federalism]] by the Court. ...|Congress]] approved a total of nine regional compacts covering 42 states. New York however, was not a party to any of those compacts.
  4 KB (619 words) - 19:18, 21 October 2019
• Nixon, Richard M.
  ...Johnson’s]] [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]] initiatives. New Federalism emphasized decentralization within nine federal agencies by establishing re ...strative procedures through the interagency Federal Assistance Review. New Federalism also sought to sort out the functions of the federal and state governments
  4 KB (642 words) - 21:05, 28 November 2018
• No Child Left Behind Act
  ...reauthorized the [[Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965]]. This new bi-partisan law, dubbed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), fundamentally ...ucture (e.g. reopening as a charter school). In exchange for meeting these new federal demands, NCLB provided a significant increase (approximately 50 per
  10 KB (1,453 words) - 01:58, 30 November 2018
• Noncentralization
  Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View from the States, 3rd ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1984). [[Category:Models and Theories of Federalism]]
  2 KB (311 words) - 02:02, 30 November 2018
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787
  ...by the Congress of the [[Articles of Confederation]] on July 13, 1787, in New York, even as state delegates were meeting in Philadelphia to draft the [[U ...tates. This centered around the principle of interstate equality, bringing new states into the union as full-fledged partners with older states. The ordin
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• Nullification
  ...Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816–1836'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). [[Category:Models and Theories of Federalism]]
  4 KB (548 words) - 02:13, 30 November 2018
• O’Connor, Sandra Day
  ...esident [[Reagan, Ronald|Ronald Reagan’s]] [[New Federalism (Reagan)|New Federalism]] principles was an important factor in her nomination to the [[Supreme Cou ...nt concerns not only was apparent in cases that were overtly involved with federalism questions, but also played a role in a wide range of contexts.
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• Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
  ...were already ready to move from welfare to work. A large number confronted new bureaucratic complexities and the hardships of trying to survive without pu ...ery of new federal plans that might require them to do more with less. The federalism of welfare reform has turned in a different direction and states are beginn
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• Political Culture
  ...litical science. The bipolar equilibrium of the Cold War, the emergence of new postcolonial nations, the expansion of trade, along with the behavioral rev ...ome degree of corruption is tolerated. The moralistic subculture, found in New England and spreading westward, views government as a positive force for so
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• Political Parties
  ...amers of the American constitution created a system that was hallmarked by federalism and the separation of powers, there were multiple centers of power in the U ...mbers who supported the Jay Treaty. The Federalist Party, based largely in New England, defended Hamilton’s nationalist policies. The beginnings of a tw
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• Preemption
  ...rior governments one or more of its powers. Section 2 of Article IX of the New York State Constitution devolves legislative powers upon general purpose lo ...[[Madison, James|James Madison]]—wrote a series of letters to editors of New York City newspapers, collectively known as ''[[The Federalist Papers]]'',
  20 KB (3,010 words) - 07:12, 2 January 2019
• Presidency
  ...ntly shaped by [[federalism]], and holders of the office in turn influence federalism in the course of carrying out their constitutional functions, which include The president is selected in a way that makes use of the institutions of federalism. The framers of the [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]] provided that the pr
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• Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
  ...laves. Both cases, therefore, are very much about the practical meaning of federalism, and both endorse strong ''national'' power while, at the same time, limiti ...igation. Similarly, Section 3 explicitly gives Congress the power to admit new states to the union as well as to pass laws regarding the territories of th
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• Printz v. United States (1997)
  ...onal federalism principles that had not been used by the Court since the [[New Deal]] in the 1930's. ...ce Thomas]], all of whom were appointed by Presidents Reagan and Bush. The Federalism Five argue that there are fixed boundaries between federal powers on the on
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• Privileges and Immunities Clause: Article IV
  ...ties Clause originated in early charters from the Crown to settlers in the New World who may have feared that they or their children might lose their stat ...olution ended the relationship of subject to king, and evoked a need for a new mechanism to create a common citizenship. After the War, the states eventua
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• Project Grants
  ...aniel J. Elazar, ''American Federalism: A View from the States'', 2nd ed. (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1972); George E. Hale and Marian Lief Pall [[Category:Fiscal Federalism]]
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• Public Administration
  ...function at all levels of government, both horizontally and vertically. [[Federalism]] has always presented a unique set of problems for public administrators s ...mson Learning, 2004); and Grover Starling, ''Managing the Public Sector'' (New York: Harcourt College Publishers, 2002).
  7 KB (1,084 words) - 04:53, 27 April 2019
• Public Officials’ Associations
  ...nal Conference of State Legislatures sponsors skills-building seminars for new legislators and legislative staff. ...While this task was less critical in the days of “[[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]]”—when state and federal activities proceeded largely on parallel rath
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• Reagan, Ronald
  ...ald Reagan’s (1911–2004) importance in the consideration of American [[federalism]] is attributable to executive branch policies that diminished the federal ...Federalism (Reagan)|New Federalism]].” The basic components of these New Federalism policies included the consolidation of [[Categorical Grants|categorical gra
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• Reconstruction
  ...lly changed the nature of the nation. In terms of the American system of [[federalism]], it was the dozen years following the war—known as Reconstruction—tha ...ny special principle to altering the U.S. system of [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]], though neither were they hostile to the idea of expanding national power
  20 KB (3,124 words) - 02:49, 30 April 2019
• Rehnquist, William
  ...ted him to the position of chief justice. A state-centered conception of [[federalism]] ran through his judicial decision making and went far to explain the posi Rehnquist’s state-centered federalism had also had a major impact on the Court’s decisions in the area of the r
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• Revenue Sharing
  Revenue sharing is a type of fiscal federalism whereby the federal government allocates revenue to state and local governm ...fare issues. President [[Roosevelt, Franklin D.|Franklin Roosevelt’s]] [[New Deal]] programs to pull the country out of the Depression significantly enl
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• Roosevelt, Franklin D.
  ...d to four consecutive presidential terms, Roosevelt transformed American [[federalism]] from a system characterized by the separation of powers and responsibilit ...]] during World War I cracked the popular notion of [[Dual Federalism|dual federalism]] that strictly divided power and responsibility between the federal and st
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• Roosevelt, Theodore
  ...re of citizens was the highest objective of government, and he sought a “new nationalism” that emphasized equal opportunity and fair play among social ...fellow Progressives were concerned about the political marginalization of new immigrants in the industrialized United States. Roosevelt’s domestic poli
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• Rural Policy
  ...ization of their economies, demographics, or governments. The result for [[federalism]] is a rural population increasingly desiring urban services, policies, inf ...al United States, including human capital, infrastructure, and leadership. New policies need to move beyond an agriculture-centered rural policy structure
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• Scalia, Antonin
  ...able function in the preservation of state sovereignty and the system of [[federalism]] (e.g., ''Pennsylvania v. Union Gas Company'' 1989). When private parties ...Hopkins University Press, 1996); and M. David Gelfand and Keith Werhan, “Federalism and Separation of Powers on a ‘Conservative’ Court: Currents and Cross-
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• School Districts
  American [[federalism]] enables each of the 50 states to maintain its own educational system. Fro ...tricts are located in 5 states: California, Texas, Illinois, Nebraska, and New York.
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• Secession
  ...Hartford Convention, which would shortly convene to discuss how to protect New England states’ rights. Moderates prevailed in each of the above instance ...Kansas, 2000); and David M. Potter, ''The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861'' (New York: Harper and Row, 1976).
  5 KB (730 words) - 01:40, 1 May 2019
• Self-government and Federalism
  [[Federalism]] can be conceptualized as an extended system of self-government among over Federalism is grounded in a quest for enlightenment. In the opening paragraph of the f
  10 KB (1,457 words) - 20:04, 1 May 2019
• Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida (1996)
  ...brogation of State sovereign immunity violated fundamental principles of [[federalism]].” The Court’s holding in this case has enduring significance for federalism. As Chief Justice [[Rehnquist, William|William Rehnquist]] wrote for the ma
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• Seventeenth Amendment
  ...at the framers regarded as the crucial constitutional means for protecting federalism. ...eir goal was, as Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in his 1912 campaign book ''The New Freedom'', for government to be not only “of, by, and for” the people,
  9 KB (1,335 words) - 20:23, 1 May 2019
• Sex Discrimination
  ...d Wendy Gunther-Canada, ''Women, Politics and American Society'', 3rd ed. (New York: Longman, 2004); Eileen Patten, “Racial, Gender Wage Gap Persist in SEE ALSO: [[Equal Rights Amendment]]; [[Gender and Federalism]]; [[Women’s Rights]]
  5 KB (721 words) - 19:06, 2 May 2019
• Sixteenth Amendment
  ...ds of state sovereignty and the protections of states’ rights under dual federalism, the tax law was unconstitutional because it was a direct tax that had to b ...aw'' (New York: St. Martin’s, 1983); and Stephen Skowronek, ''Building a New American State: The Expansion of State Administrative Capacities, 1877–19
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• Slaughterhouse Cases
  ...f the new facilities, which were located across the Mississippi River from New Orleans, and pay fees to use them.
  12 KB (1,848 words) - 19:46, 2 May 2019
• Slavery
  ...very occurred in 1819 during the discussions to admit Missouri as a state. New York Congressman James Tallmadge put forth two amendments to the bill of ad ...s Union a Republican Form of Government,” Congress retained control over new states’ provisions regarding citizenship, civil rights, and civil liberti
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• Social Security Act of 1935
  ...e Social Security Act underscores the important, if troubling, role that [[federalism]] has played in that welfare state. It has become increasingly common to se None of this is really an accident because of the role of federalism in our policymaking system. Southern congressmen in particular lobbied hard
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• Special Districts
  ...t is particularly famous—it owned and operated the World Trade Center in New York City that was destroyed by terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Th ...ward increased complexity and diffusion of organizations in the nexus of [[federalism]].
  8 KB (1,184 words) - 20:04, 6 May 2019
• Spending Power
  ...ederal funds and place conditions on their disbursement. With respect to [[federalism]], the spending power, together with its counterpart, the taxing power, and ...109; and Laurence Tribe, ''American Constitutional Law'', vol. 1, 3rd ed. (New York: Foundation Press, 2000), 833–41.
  4 KB (559 words) - 19:51, 6 May 2019
• State Constitutional Law
  ...l law can be viewed from either a state-specific perspective (for example, New Jersey constitutional law) or a national, more general (trans-state) perspe ...r declarations of rights, and they saw this as a significant defect in the new federal Constitution. The federal Bill of Rights was, in many respects, dra
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• State Constitutions
  ...s, 2006); Robert F. Williams, ''The Law of American State Constitutions'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); Emily Zackin, ''Looking for Rights in SEE ALSO: [[Brennan, William]]; [[Michigan v. Long]]; [[New Judicial Federalism]]; [[State Constitutional Law]]; [[State Courts]]
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• State Legislatures
  State legislatures have a significant impact on American [[federalism]] due to their constitutional responsibilities, political influence, and [[ ...state legislatures famously serve as “laboratories of democracy.” Most new ideas in domestic policy are first debated and negotiated in the states. Th
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• Suits between States
  ...urt reserves the authority to refuse to adjudicate such suits. In Texas v. New Mexico (1983), the Court made clear that it interprets the statute regulati ...art and Wechsler’s The Federal Courts and the Federal System'', 5th ed. (New York: Foundation Press, 2003); and Charles Alan Wright and Mary Kay Kane, '
  8 KB (1,169 words) - 08:37, 28 October 2017
• Supreme Court of the United States
  ...ispute at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 over the extent to which the new national government should have a complete judicial system of its own, with ...gulatory authority under the Due Process Clause in cases like ''Lochner v. New York'' 1905.)
  18 KB (2,757 words) - 22:09, 3 May 2018
• Taft-Hartley Act
  ...Robert Alphonso Taft of Ohio and Representative Fred Allan Hartley Jr. of New Jersey, the [[U.S. Congress]] passed this act in 1947 over President Harry The Taft-Hartley Act established new parameters on labor disputes by enlarging the National Labor Relations Boar
  3 KB (478 words) - 20:33, 8 May 2019
• Takings Clause: Fifth Amendment
  ...entury of application to the states, the impact of the Takings Clause on [[federalism]] has been modest, at least until recent years. Generally the Takings Claus ...emnation of a large swatch of Detroit so that General Motors could build a new plant, and the California Supreme Court considering the notion that the Cit
  20 KB (3,232 words) - 19:41, 10 May 2019
• Taxing and Spending Power
  ...spending for grants to state and local governments from the time of the [[New Deal]]. ...powers redundant, however, and would obviously go far toward extinguishing federalism and making the national government a general government; it has never been
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• Telecommunications
  The states began regulating in 1907, when New York and Wisconsin empowered their Public Utilities Commissions (PUCs) to o ...or divest, its integrated vertical structure in 1982. Divestiture created new firms out of AT&T’s former state-level telephone subsidiaries, the so-cal
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• Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Act
  ...istance for Needy Families (TANF) represents a significant change in the [[federalism]] of welfare financing. It was enacted as part of the [[Personal Responsibi ...nd Cloward and the Future of Social Science in Social Welfare'' (New York: New York University Press, 2002); Sanford F. Schram, Joe Soss, and Richard Ford
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• Thomas, Clarence
  ...am H. Rehnquist]] has issued a number of five-to-four decisions concerning federalism. Associate Justice Clarence Thomas (1991– ) has voted with the majority i ...ver, several of Justice Thomas’s most important opinions have involved [[federalism]].
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• Transportation Policy
  ...gnificant intergovernmental [[Grants-in-Aid|grant]] program prior to the [[New Deal]] era. It authorized the expenditure of $75 million over five years to .... Instead of trying to meet increasing demand for highways by constructing new and repairing existing highways, these strategies encourage people to prior
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• Unfunded Mandates
  ...s and localities are engaged in a competition with other jurisdictions for new businesses and higher-income residents that serves to undermine their suppo ...osts imposed by mandates can indeed be significant—nearly $28 billion in new costs were estimated to be imposed on states and localities by federal mand
  7 KB (1,072 words) - 19:53, 3 June 2019
• Grodzins, Morton M.
  ...m of dual federalism. He is widely associated with the idea of cooperative federalism. He regarded the non-centralized “mildly chaotic” federal system as an ...tions and an important contributor to its 1949 report. He then organized a Federalism Workshop at the University of Chicago, which he oversaw until his death. St
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• Burgess, Michael
  ...) and In Search of the Federal Spirit (2012). He developed the concepts of federalism and federation beyond the framework that authors such as Preston King and D ...on process as a framework of federal state-building and the formation of a new federal model.
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• U.S. Congress
  .... government, the Congress both embodies [[federalism]] and influences how federalism is put into practice. ...uct of the “Connecticut Compromise” was critical to the framing of the new government. It enabled a deadlocked Convention to proceed.
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• U.S. Constitution
  ...ny on the other. Their goal was, in James Wilson’s words, to establish a new government that would “deserve the seemingly opposite epithets—efficien ...Resolution of the Congress calling for the federal Convention of 1787, for new arrangements capable of rendering the political structure “adequate to th
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• U.S. Supreme Court
  ...ispute at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 over the extent to which the new national government should have a complete judicial system of its own, with ...gulatory authority under the Due Process Clause in cases like ''Lochner v. New York'' 1905.)
  18 KB (2,746 words) - 03:42, 10 December 2017
• U.S. Territories
  ...]]; [[Economic Development]]; [[Federal-Local Relations]]; [[Governors and Federalism]]; [[Military Affairs]]; [[Sovereignty]]
  5 KB (687 words) - 01:35, 14 June 2019
• United States v. Lopez (1995)
  ...on]]. The case is significant because it marked the first time since the [[New Deal]], sixty years earlier, that the Court has struck down a federal statu ...stice [[Rehnquist, William|William Rehnquist]] acknowledged that since the New Deal in the 1930's, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress’s commerce
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• Urban Policy
  ...don B.|Lyndon B. Johnson]], reemphasized the themes established during the New Deal. During these periods, numerous federal programs were designed and dev ...at it was the responsibility of local governments to do so. Under this New Federalism, Presidents Reagan and Bush cut a great percentage of urban aid programs, s
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• Welfare Policy
  ...ial Security'', in the twentieth century, cooperation replaced conflict in federalism, and welfare policy is a prime example of how the federal government and th ...ildren. The Social Security Act contained eleven titles that created seven new programs reflecting a mix of national and federal-state partnership policie
  19 KB (2,891 words) - 08:21, 28 October 2017
• Wilson, Woodrow
  ...also introduced the federal grant-in-aid program to states, ushering in a new era of intergovernmental relations. ...e agenda that allied him with reformers of both parties. Under his tenure, New Jersey became a model of reform, instituting with Wilson’s support direct
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• Women’s Rights
  ...ubs, which helped strengthen the national suffrage movement by bringing in new members who saw suffrage as a way to advance the social reform objectives t ...erest groups can influence government policy—what Morton Grodzins called federalism’s “multiple cracks”—to promote women’s suffrage. Several more sta
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• Younger v. Harris (1971)
  ...een the federal and state governments was described by the Court as “our federalism.” “Our federalism” was described as representing a system in which there is a sensitivity t
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• About the Editors and the Contributors
  ...intergovernmental relations, state and local government and politics, and New Jersey politics. ...more than 60 books, scholarly articles, and research reports, including ''Federalism and Rights'' (1996), ''American Models of Revolutionary Leadership'' (1992)
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• Review of Federalism in America
  Chris Fritsch on Marbach and Katz and Smith, 'Federalism in America: An Encyclopedia'''' The following is a review by Chris Fritsch of the printed 2-volume ''Federalism in American: An Encyclopedia'' for ''H-Net: Humanities and Social Sciences
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• Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
  The ACA has been influenced by [[federalism]] in three ways. First, the Act incorporated elements found in previous fed ...ACA, it has not been able to do so as of 2017. One key aspect of American federalism that poses an obstacle to overturning Obamacare is the geographic distribut
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• Obama, Barack
  ...the use of new regulatory and administrative requirements brought about by new federal programs in health care, education, and environmental protection. H ...ments measured racial profiling by local police departments, and developed new regulations the restricted predatory mortgage lending – two issues that w
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• American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (2009)
  The primary goals of the Recovery Act were to create new jobs and preserve existing ones, spur short-term economic activity, invest ...veral references that contain additional information about these and other federalism implications of the Act.
  8 KB (1,241 words) - 20:42, 12 July 2018
• Common Core State Standards (inc. Race to the Top) (2009)
  The politics of [[federalism]] pertaining to Common Core is evident in the 2015 Every Student Succeeds A ...pealed or revised the Common Core as it became immersed in the politics of federalism. Governors and other state policymakers aimed to show constituents that th
  7 KB (1,029 words) - 03:37, 26 July 2018
• Compact Theory of the U.S. Constitution
  ...this assertion, but if the Supreme Court becomes increasingly committed to federalism, some version of compact theory might enjoy a renaissance. ...to Constitution in American Political Thought,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism 10:4 (Autumn 1980): 101-133; Andrew C. McLaughlin, “Social Compact and Co
  10 KB (1,516 words) - 01:36, 1 February 2019
• Identity Politics in the Federal System
  === LINKS TO FEDERALISM === ...to focus on national level political changes. It is generally agreed that federalism has produced social inequalities in history (Wildavsky), yet there are pote
  14 KB (1,916 words) - 19:16, 6 July 2018
• Interest Groups in the Federal System
  ...itorial interest-group systems compare? How well do interest groups bridge federalism and democracy? In a federal system, how do governments “lobby” one anot ...groups as they have in other civic and political associations. Also, many new interest groups formed without members. At the same time, membership in pea
  18 KB (2,657 words) - 23:05, 4 October 2021
• Contributors wanted
  ...qualified contributors to update entries and write new entries relevant to federalism in America. ...asic but strong fundamental understanding of the topic and its relation to federalism. Entries vary in length from 300 to 1,500 words depending on the topic. E
  4 KB (627 words) - 00:45, 28 September 2018
• Kelo v. City of New London (2005)
  ...neighborhood where she had lived for many years. Her lawsuit claimed that New London’s decision to take land from one private owner and give the land t ...reased tax revenue” provided sufficient constitutional justification for New London’s decision to condemn Ms. Kelo’s property and give that and othe
  4 KB (689 words) - 21:28, 22 January 2019
• Marijuana
  ...ana policy thus provides a unique prism through which to view matters of [[federalism]] and states’ rights. | New Mexico || 2007 ||
  7 KB (995 words) - 20:48, 22 January 2019
• Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
  ...t Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS). The new case questioned the constitutionality of a state’s refusal to recognize m ''Obergefell v. Hodges'' (2015) continues the [[New Judicial Federalism|individual rights revolution]] and centralization of [[Morality Policy|mora
  6 KB (832 words) - 20:52, 9 October 2019
• Trump, Donald
  Born in Queens, New York on June 14, 1946, Donald Trump was a central figure in the city’s po ...he would hold. His business was involved in the revitalization of several New York City landmark buildings, which often placed him in the middle of the c
  12 KB (1,750 words) - 23:11, 4 October 2021
• United States Term Limits v. Thornton (1995)
  ...lders filed a lawsuit claiming the state constitutional amendment attached new conditions to congressional membership in violation of Article I. Proponen ...reelections. Justice Anthony Kennedy’s concurring opinion insisted that federalism did not govern congressional elections. “Nothing in the Constitution”
  4 KB (638 words) - 22:48, 29 October 2019
• United States v. Windsor (2013)
  ...007, two New York residents, Edith Windsor and Thea Snyder, wed in Canada. New York recognized the legality of the marriage. Snyder died two years later, ...ution because it disrupts the federal balance.” The Court continued that New York’s decision to recognize same-sex marriage fell within the state’s
  3 KB (478 words) - 22:43, 29 October 2019
• Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2018)
  ...an exemption in 1991 but failed to do so before the PASPA deadline. It is New Jersey that challenged PASPA in this case. ...state from repealing an old law and Congress requiring a state to enact a new law. By explicitly dictating what states could and could not do, PASPA’s
  3 KB (502 words) - 18:42, 21 October 2019
• Foot Voting
  ...omin 2014). In that, they attempt to offer policies that are attractive to new residents, and keep current ones from leaving. Such competition can be fost ...e “welfare magnets” (Peterson 1995). Defenders of decentralization and federalism argue that the race to the bottom theory is flawed, or at least overstated,
  12 KB (1,700 words) - 01:51, 26 September 2018
• Shelby County, Alabama v. Holder, 570 U.S. 529 (2013)
  ...berals insisted that the post-[[Civil War]] Amendments modified any such [[federalism]] principle, giving the federal government the power to interfere with stat ...rwise tightening up voting rolls. Proponents of those measures claim that new voting regulations were necessary to prevent fraud and did not discriminate
  4 KB (628 words) - 19:32, 2 May 2019
• Virginia Uranium, Inc., et al., v. John Warren, et al. (2019)
  ...slative purpose about a California law that prohibited the construction of new nuclear power plants. Virginia Uranium relied on this case to assert that t ...e wording of state laws: “Consider just some of the costs to cooperative federalism and individual liberty we would invite by inquiring into state legislative
  4 KB (728 words) - 18:11, 16 November 2019
• State Constitutional Rights Federalism
  State Constitutional Rights Federalism, also known as “new judicial federalism” refers to the practice that developed in the 1970s of [[State Courts|sta ...inst state violations of rights, a phenomenon known as the “new judicial federalism.” Federal constitutional law still remains the primary protection for rig
  18 KB (2,680 words) - 01:55, 5 September 2020
• Interest-Group System
  ...fluence their [[State Legislatures|state legislature]] and [[Governors and Federalism|governor]], and those legislatures and governors try to influence the [[U.S ...example, the number of interest groups by state ranges from over 3,000 in New York to barely 300 in Hawaii and Alaska. Population size matters of course,
  8 KB (1,228 words) - 21:42, 28 September 2021
• Graves, W. Brooke
  ...ernment (1936). Graves’ work on federalism focused mainly on cooperative federalism and intergovernmental relations. ...al Relations: Their Origins, Historical Development, and Current Status'' (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1964); W. Brooke Graves, ed., ''Major Prob
  2 KB (334 words) - 22:17, 10 February 2022
• Riker, William H.
  ...f in the United States one disapproves of racism, one should disapprove of federalism.” He softened this striking view later in his life following major civil- ...ent in 1969 that, in terms of policy outcomes and how people are governed, federalism has very little impact whatsoever, his prior comments on racism in America
  4 KB (518 words) - 01:02, 18 February 2022
• Nathan, Richard P.
  ...rofessor of Political Science and Public Policy at the State University of New York, Albany, and Director of SUNY’s Rockefeller Institute of Government ...funds, tax cuts, and/or new programs. Nathan’s extensive writings about federalism Nathan drew heavily on these findings. His timely, longitudinal, flexible f
  6 KB (782 words) - 17:25, 24 July 2022
• Watts, Ronald L.
  ...cientist who taught political philosophy, comparative federalism, Canadian federalism, British dominions, and intergovernmental relations in the departments of P ...ons the benefits of both unity and diversity” (p. 190). Second, however, federalism is not a panacea for all ailments of political societies. Third, the effect
  4 KB (615 words) - 17:25, 24 July 2022
• Clark, Jane Perry
  ...ents of American federalism for her New Deal era book, ''The Rise of a New Federalism: Federal-State Cooperation in the United States''. The book is dedicated to ...end that “Canadian federalism has developed more in common with American federalism than the propounders of the British North America Act of 1867 might have ev
  4 KB (527 words) - 17:26, 24 July 2022