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• Fourteenth Amendment
  ...rom depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or from denying to persons within their jurisdiction the equal protection ...ent mechanisms and provided penalties for those who, acting under color of law, violated its provisions. The Civil Rights Act passed Congress in March 186
  17 KB (2,624 words) - 23:17, 4 July 2018
• Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
  ...policy, substate and multistate regionalism, metropolitan governance, law enforcement and criminal justice administration, transportation, citizen participation,
  11 KB (1,520 words) - 22:41, 10 February 2022
• Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
  ...legislation applied, age limits, exclusions and exemptions, penalties, and enforcement. ...early sixty-five years. In 1903, Colorado was the first state to enact any law banning AD; employees aged 18–60 could not be fired due to their age by a
  11 KB (1,618 words) - 22:10, 6 August 2019
• Articles of Confederation
  ...to continental governance after independence, the Articles established in law several of the main provisions of American [[federalism]] retained and stre ...its debtors. As Hamilton noted in ''The Federalist'' No. 9, a body without enforcement powers could not function effectively as a government. The resulting “gov
  19 KB (2,844 words) - 22:56, 4 October 2021
• Block Grants
  ...of education, transportation, community development, job training, and law enforcement. General Revenue Sharing was enacted in 1972, and block grants for job trai
  8 KB (1,160 words) - 20:13, 16 July 2018
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
  ..., establish black citizenship and the equal treatment of people before the law ([[Fourteenth Amendment]]), and provide equal voting rights for men of diff ...ed on in part by the withdrawal of federal troops and federal civil rights enforcement from the South, southern states toward the end of the nineteenth century be
  15 KB (2,308 words) - 08:29, 18 October 2019
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
  ...ruction]] following the American Civil War. Composed of eleven titles, the law desegregated public accommodations, authorized the federal government to su ...edged full enforcement, and his landslide victory gave impetus to vigorous enforcement of the bill’s provisions by his administration.
  4 KB (539 words) - 02:29, 25 July 2018
• Commerce with the Indian Tribes
  ...commerce, including a dormant component and the capacity to preempt state law even in the absence of congressional legislation, then assumed greater impo ...e with the right to rule themselves within the larger framework of federal law, free from interference from the states. Over the years there have been num
  5 KB (708 words) - 02:49, 26 July 2018
• Compromise of 1850
  ...gitive slaves’ right to a jury trial, and set up a new system of federal enforcement. Finally, the slave trade in Washington, D.C., was abolished. ...gainst any expansion of slavery, claiming it was prohibited by a “higher law than the Constitution.” Conversely, [[Calhoun, John C.|John C. Calhoun]]
  2 KB (386 words) - 04:03, 26 July 2018
• Councils of Governments
  ...in public administration, civil engineering, economics, sociology, and law enforcement planning. A significant amount of staff time is spent on developing regiona ...ing, involving economic development, highways and mass transportation, law enforcement, air and water pollution, sewers, solid waste and water, and open space and
  19 KB (2,754 words) - 18:04, 13 August 2018
• Covenant
  ...ly on the efforts of the covenanting parties themselves for monitoring and enforcement. In this way, covenants differ from the related concepts of contract and co ...cations of an agreement, realizing the spirit as well as the letter of the law in their daily activities. The covenantal emphasis on voluntarism rendered
  4 KB (570 words) - 00:55, 17 July 2018
• Criminal Justice
  ...d local governments restricted police participation in federal immigration enforcement activity. ...12); Trevor Gardner, “Immigrant Sanctuary as the Old Normal,” Columbia Law Review (2018); Printz v. United States, 521 U.S. 898, 935 (1997); Lopez v U
  5 KB (798 words) - 22:13, 3 May 2018
• Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council (2000)
  ...at it violated the dormant Foreign Commerce Clause, and (3) that the state law was preempted by sanctions on Burma enacted at the federal level three mont ...Union before the World Trade Organization), the Court found that the state law thwarted Congress’s intent for the nation to speak with “one voice” o
  6 KB (888 words) - 08:57, 18 October 2019
• Elections
  ...in congressional elections is controlled not by federal law, but by state law. Article II, Section 1, authorizes states to determine eligibility to vote ...congressional elections are to be regulated in the first instance by state law. Although Article I, Section 4, also authorizes [[U.S. Congress|Congress]]
  8 KB (1,107 words) - 19:04, 27 August 2018
• Extradition and Rendition
  ...d ministerial, and (4) the fugitive may exercise his or her due process of law right to appeal. Neither the constitutional clause nor the act refers to enforcement, although the duty imposed upon the asylum state governor appears to be man
  8 KB (1,317 words) - 20:17, 5 October 2018
• Eleventh Amendment
  ...power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citi ...power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citi
  19 KB (2,950 words) - 19:29, 27 August 2018
• Environmental Policy
  ...onstitutional as the federal statute encroached on state authority. Common law had always held that the power to regulate the taking of wildlife belonged ...is. This includes standard setting, but also extends to the monitoring and enforcement of standards. The expenditures for many of the technical aspects of environ
  15 KB (2,300 words) - 20:06, 27 August 2018
• Equal Protection of the Laws
  ...equal protection for citizens and the special role the courts play in its enforcement: ...bitrary and unreasonable government than to require that the principles of law which officials would impose upon a minority must be imposed generally. Con
  22 KB (3,332 words) - 23:19, 6 September 2018
• Federal-Local Relations
  ...make this point. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law with great fanfare in 1990. It prohibits discrimination against persons wit ...ter runoff must be contained, and sewage must be treated—and most of the enforcement and treatment are done by local governments. During the 1970's, Congress ma
  22 KB (3,235 words) - 20:52, 4 July 2018
• Federal-State Relations
  ...nments, even if the state government had been accused of violating federal law. However, the Court has not been consistent in that view. It was willing to ...t also prohibits the states from denying anyone equal protection under the law. These provisions have been the subject of numerous controversies. The Fift
  25 KB (3,755 words) - 01:35, 15 September 2018
• Formula Grants
  ...ldren, special needs and K–12 education, transportation improvement, law enforcement/homeland security, nutrition programs for children and pregnant women, and ...mula grant funds. Each grant is based on a specific formula established by law or Congress that determines which funds a state or community may be qualifi
  9 KB (1,352 words) - 23:12, 4 July 2018
• Fugitive Slave Acts
  ...o demands by southern congressmen and southern slaveholders for a stronger law. These Southerners argued that free states ignored their legislative duty t ...slave owners with stronger legal power to have their slaves returned. This law, signed by President Millard Fillmore, was the most stringent measure passe
  3 KB (494 words) - 01:27, 5 July 2018
• Fugitive Slave Provision: Article IV
  ...iduals to protect free blacks or frustrate the recapture of fugitives. The law proved to be a source of great friction in the years leading up to the war.
  2 KB (358 words) - 01:28, 5 July 2018
• Fugitive Slaves and American Federalism
  ...very was illegal. These principles were in direct conflict with the common law at the time of the Revolution, which held that slaves became free the momen ...nder the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall
  10 KB (1,544 words) - 01:32, 5 July 2018
• Full Faith and Credit Clause: Article IV, Section 1
  ...and allowed the decisions of these courts to govern disputes under common law. In some cases, the phrase “faith and credit” was used alone, while in ...ng extraterritorial acts, records, and judicial proceedings conclusions of law.
  17 KB (2,661 words) - 01:35, 5 July 2018
• Governors and Federalism
  ...an administrative agency to oversee the implementation, distribution, and enforcement of the grant. Consequently, federal action channeled through the states inc ...proposal that significantly influenced the final bill that was signed into law in 1996. In many policy areas, leaders of Congress sought governors’ poli
  20 KB (2,875 words) - 01:46, 5 July 2018
• Health Care Policy
  ...lity to the states. McCarran-Ferguson stated explicitly that “no federal law should be interpreted as overriding state insurance regulation unless it do ...ral requirement that hospitals provide care to the uninsured. However, the law merely stated that hospitals must provide “a reasonable volume of hospita
  26 KB (3,778 words) - 02:34, 5 July 2018
• Intergovernmental Management
  ...thought of as involving four analytical frameworks: 1) the application of law and politics; 2) operations involving deepening jurisdiction interdependenc .... is a product of federal development among the four core IGM features – law and politics, unit interdependency (including NGOs), government-NGO partner
  28 KB (4,011 words) - 00:56, 26 September 2018
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
  On April 5, 1887, the Interstate Commerce Act became law. Its purpose was to stop unfair railroad practices carried out by monopolie ...es the right to control interstate railroad rates and declared an Illinois law invalid since it breached congressional power found in the Commerce Clause
  4 KB (612 words) - 20:28, 29 September 2018
• Interstate Relations
  ...t for the Republican River Compact, but two years later signed a bill into law granting consent to a redrafted compact. ...decision holding that U.S. courts must apply the interpretation of a state law by the highest court in the concerned state, and allowed the Supreme Court
  23 KB (3,570 words) - 20:48, 29 September 2018
• Land Use
  ...local government programs such as K–12 education, public health, and law enforcement. Central to this control is the exercise of the police power—the authorit
  7 KB (1,061 words) - 05:46, 2 October 2018
• Layer Cake Federalism
  ...th each other in a number of areas, including taxation, regulation, or law enforcement. The separate layers proved to be not as separate as they appeared.
  3 KB (514 words) - 05:48, 2 October 2018
• Luther v. Borden (1849)
  ...aimed sovereignty in the state. The General Assembly then declared martial law and imposed severe penalties upon anyone assuming office in the Dorrite gov ...of trespass against Luther M. Borden for invading his house under martial law without a warrant. Supporters of the Dorr Rebellion saw this case as an opp
  3 KB (529 words) - 18:06, 21 October 2019
• Local Government
  ...), organize its administration, tax, regulate, and so on, subject to state law and constitutional provisions. Joseph Zimmerman in ''State-Local Relations' ...dministered programs, for example, education, law enforcement and criminal law, land use, food regulation and safety, elections administration, and the re
  18 KB (2,575 words) - 03:20, 5 October 2018
• Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
  ...alidates any confession and makes the statement inadmissible in a court of law. A suspect may waive his or her Miranda rights, but the burden is on the go ...main fear of critics was that these decisions were tying the hands of law enforcement with additional procedural requirements that made it more difficult for the
  3 KB (522 words) - 18:19, 21 October 2019
• Marshall, John
  ...appellate review. Thus the Supreme Court was the final court in matters of law and equity decided within the federal court system, including territorial c ...e Court would mean subjecting international treaties to interpretation and enforcement by each state’s judiciary.
  23 KB (3,550 words) - 03:48, 17 October 2018
• Chiafalo v. Washington (2020)
  ...didate before being allowed to be an elector, but the case did not address enforcement. ...tes for other candidates despite Clinton’s win in the state. Under state law, each faithless elector was fined $1,000. Three of the electors contested t
  3 KB (509 words) - 23:19, 16 September 2021
• Nixon, Richard M.
  ...ited States. Nixon attended Whittier College and Duke University School of Law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan. During World War II, Nixon was commissi ...rnments by ceding decision-making authority in several areas—such as law enforcement, education, and urban development—to states and localities. At the same t
  4 KB (642 words) - 21:05, 28 November 2018
• Preemption
  ...der in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.” T ...nown as ''[[The Federalist Papers]]'', explaining the proposed fundamental law and denying that a unitary system would be established in time if the Const
  20 KB (3,010 words) - 07:12, 2 January 2019
• Printz v. United States (1997)
  ...and included a five-day waiting period during which locally designated law enforcement officers (sheriffs, local chiefs of police, etc.) would be ''required'' to ...hat They Give Us: Explaining the Court’s Federalism Offensive,” ''Duke Law Journal'' 51 (2001): 477–520.
  7 KB (1,097 words) - 19:30, 21 October 2019
• Reconstruction
  ...over the president’s ability to suspend habeas corpus and impose martial law, and over the detainment of political prisoners—receded from view. In the ...n a handful of counties. The government did achieve some success using the law to crack down on the KKK—more than 3,000 indictments were reported by fed
  20 KB (3,124 words) - 02:49, 30 April 2019
• Rehnquist, William
  ...es|Commerce]] Clause. In 1995, he led the majority to invalidate a federal law—the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990—on the grounds that Congress had ...of his career, he had consistently supported state policies regarding law enforcement over the rights of the individual. He referred to the process by which the
  7 KB (994 words) - 20:21, 30 April 2019
• Revenue Sharing
  ...cial Revenue Sharing (SRS) earmarks funds under broad headings such as law enforcement, transportation, and community development. ...en some leeway in designating federal funds in the areas of health and law enforcement.
  9 KB (1,273 words) - 20:54, 30 April 2019
• Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974
  ...Ohio, caught fire. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans’ drinking water. Passed in 1974, th ...e SDWA creates some tension between the federal and state governments over enforcement and funding issues. States with primacy must take responsibility for all pu
  8 KB (1,187 words) - 01:10, 1 May 2019
• Self-government and Federalism
  ...actments of the [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] of the United States to achieve enforcement would require the application of sanctions to a state in its collective cap ...ounded in the covenantal theology of the Abrahamic religions. Berman’s ''Law and Revolution II'' (2003) extends these to the Lutheran and Calvinist trad
  10 KB (1,457 words) - 20:04, 1 May 2019
• State Courts
  ...federal courts defer to and apply state court decisions interpreting state law. ...” When Congress legislates under its delegated powers, conflicting state law and policy must yield to congressional intent. Although the preemptive effe
  13 KB (1,935 words) - 20:14, 6 May 2019
• Suits between States
  ...e latter’s consent; (2) if so, what court can hear the dispute; (3) what law applies to the legal issues raised in the case; and (4) how judgments rende ...have consented to having disputes with other states resolved in a court of law is an accepted political assumption about the constitutional structure of t
  8 KB (1,169 words) - 08:37, 28 October 2017
• Supremacy Clause: Article VI, Clause 2
  ...ll be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thin ...e new Constitution and all laws and treaties made under it are the supreme law of the land, represents an attempt on the part of the framers to protect th
  12 KB (1,931 words) - 19:51, 8 May 2019
• Supreme Court of the United States
  ...ralizing function: it has enforced the uniformity and supremacy of federal law against centrifugal tendencies in the states, while also exerting some degr ...itically established the Court’s supremacy, in matters involving federal law, over the state judiciaries.
  18 KB (2,757 words) - 22:09, 3 May 2018
• Tax Coordination
  ...permits the participating governments to engage in specified collection or enforcement activities associated with a tax. ...called the Streamlined Sales Tax Project to collectively deal with the tax enforcement and compliance problems posed by remote sales.
  3 KB (469 words) - 20:03, 10 May 2019
• Tenth Amendment
  ...ndment, the political landscape had changed dramatically. By upholding the law in question and allowing federal regulation of work-place rights, the Supre ..., which made it a crime to possess a gun in a school zone. In holding this law unconstitutional, Chief Justice Rehnquist started his opinion with a nod to
  17 KB (2,583 words) - 20:37, 10 May 2019
• U.S. Congress
  ...ongress, federalism has shaped its functions. Its main function is to make law, in conformance with the grant of powers contained in Article I, Section 8, ...''[[United States v. Butler]]'' (1936), a case dealing with a [[New Deal]] law that regulated agricultural production, the Court endorsed a broad interpre
  23 KB (3,553 words) - 20:10, 3 June 2019
• U.S. Constitution
  ...hereof . . . shall be the [[Supremacy Clause: Article VI, Clause 2|supreme law of the land]].” ...s “an additional impediment . . . again improper acts of legislation. No law or resolution can now be passed without the concurrence first of a majority
  22 KB (3,500 words) - 20:19, 3 June 2019
• U.S. Supreme Court
  ...ralizing function: it has enforced the uniformity and supremacy of federal law against centrifugal tendencies in the states, while also exerting some degr ...itically established the Court’s supremacy, in matters involving federal law, over the state judiciaries.
  18 KB (2,746 words) - 03:42, 10 December 2017
• USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
  ...onders died. These events fueled urgent widespread demand for improved law enforcement powers to prevent future domestic terrorism. According to House members inv ...nown as the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 (Public Law 107–56), was signed into law by President George W. Bush two days later on Saturday, October 26, 2001.
  9 KB (1,332 words) - 21:30, 18 June 2019
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
  ...dents were registered to vote or actually voted in 1964. The focus of this enforcement was particularly on the southern states of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mis ...nt. It set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. It strengthened enforcement of voting laws.
  16 KB (2,476 words) - 21:38, 18 June 2019
• Welfare Policy
  ...at were to be strictly enforced. Minimum benefit standards were set by the law that provided only meager assistance, but states could be more generous if ...ndent Children (AFDC) in a 1962 amendment to the Social Security Act. That law also provided increased benefits to help reduce poverty and funded more voc
  19 KB (2,891 words) - 08:21, 28 October 2017
• Arizona v. United States (2012)
  ...provisions in S.B. 1070 would promote racial profiling. Shortly after the law was passed, the United States successfully asked the local federal district ...d that these provisions of state law were preempted by federal immigration law. States could not provide additional penalties for illegal immigrants who
  5 KB (723 words) - 22:33, 29 October 2019
• Gonzales v. Raich (2005)
  ...ion and possession of marijuana. In 2002, officials from the federal Drug Enforcement Agency came to Monson’s home and destroyed her marijuana plants. Raich a ...Home-grown marijuana was no different. Stevens maintained, “Given the enforcement difficulties that attend distinguishing between marijuana cultivated locall
  4 KB (586 words) - 20:49, 22 January 2019
• Internet Taxes
  ...rnet Tax Freedom Act, with the passage of the Trade Facilitation and Trade Enforcement Act.
  4 KB (685 words) - 01:19, 26 September 2018
• Marijuana
  ...l government, is increasingly authorized, regulated, and taxed under state law. Marijuana policy thus provides a unique prism through which to view matter ...manufacture, distribution, and possession are all made criminal by federal law which impose significant punishments for large-scale violations. The Suprem
  7 KB (995 words) - 20:48, 22 January 2019
• Chamber of Commerce of the United States v. Whiting (2011)
  ...or recruit or refer for a fee for employment, unauthorized aliens.” The law also required employers to verify potential employees’ immigration status ...sly and impliedly preempted by IRCA. The district court upheld the Arizona law, finding that LAWA was not preempted because Congress had included in the I
  4 KB (540 words) - 21:17, 5 October 2018
• Timbs v. Indiana (2019)
  ...now, “From the Dark Tower: Unbridled Civil Asset Forfeiture,” ''Drexel Law Review'' 10:1 (2017): 69-126.
  4 KB (605 words) - 18:18, 16 November 2019