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• Abortion
  ...', it also provided greater opportunity for state legislatures to regulate the manner in which abortions will be conducted. ...ally does not assert jurisdiction. So strongly do these interests permeate the societal landscape that judicial nominees and elected officials are often e
  22 KB (3,400 words) - 19:45, 6 July 2018
• Articles of Confederation (full document)
  == ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION == To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting.
  20 KB (3,426 words) - 22:50, 4 October 2021
• Adams, John
  ...the situation, the geography, the commerce, the population, and the forms of government . . . and consider what further federal powers are wanted, and m ...as hard to negotiate on behalf of a union that lacked the power to enforce the treaties it signed.
  5 KB (817 words) - 19:51, 6 July 2018
• Fourteenth Amendment
  ...nt concerns of the Republican-dominated thirty-ninth Congress that adopted the amendment. === PROVISIONS OF THE AMENDMENT ===
  17 KB (2,624 words) - 23:17, 4 July 2018
• Affirmative Action
  ...that race, creed, color, and/or national origin are ignored in the process of hiring and retaining employees. ...in a year, Johnson believed that it was working to level the playing field of employment, since many minorities had long been hobbled by racism and racis
  3 KB (452 words) - 00:04, 11 July 2018
• Alien and Sedition Acts
  ...Revolution now seemed likely. With these new laws, Federalists would have the power to deport immigrants who were too prominent in Republican causes and ...sponse was to invoke the countervailing force of the states, an early test of American [[federalism]].
  6 KB (859 words) - 20:05, 12 July 2018
• American Indians and Federalism
  ...status requiring treaties, to an attempt to assimilate native people into the general society by refusing to recognize sovereignty at all. ...s viewed as states, the placement of Indian nations within the U.S. system of federalism has been continuously changing and evolving.
  22 KB (3,370 words) - 23:12, 16 September 2021
• Articles of Confederation
  ...ican [[federalism]] retained and strengthened in the [[U.S. Constitution]] of 1787. ...nce until hostilities with Great Britain officially ceased with the Treaty of Paris, signed September 3, 1783, and ratified by Congress on July 14, 1784.
  19 KB (2,844 words) - 22:56, 4 October 2021
• Bill of Rights
  ...an historic speech to the House of Representatives in the first session of the First [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] on June 8, 1789. ...ts by the required two-thirds majority of both houses, and sending them to the state legislatures for ratification on September 24, 1789.
  14 KB (2,226 words) - 19:26, 13 July 2018
• Bingham, John A.
  ...t position became instrumental in drafting the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]]. ...ment and guarantee federal protection of the [[Civil Rights|civil rights]] of black Americans.
  4 KB (566 words) - 19:33, 13 July 2018
• Black, Hugo L.
  ...ition at length in a dissent to ''Adamson v. California'' (1947). Although the Court did not embrace this view, it arrived by increments at a similar resu [[File:Black, Hugo L..png|thumb|Hugo L. Black. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.]]
  3 KB (450 words) - 20:02, 16 July 2018
• Brandeis, Louis D.
  ...ice in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with Samuel Warren. He became a proponent of labor unions and did much pro bono work for various public causes. He marri ...ects on women of working too many hours. When the Court unanimously upheld the law, it paid tribute to Brandeis’s arguments and, even today, briefs that
  4 KB (583 words) - 23:59, 2 July 2018
• Burger, Warren Earl
  ...nated Burger to be chief justice. He was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 74–3. ...as part of a right of privacy guaranteed by the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]].
  3 KB (481 words) - 00:26, 17 July 2018
• Bush v. Gore (2000)
  ...ion]] and federal statutes can supersede state election laws and decisions of state supreme courts interpreting those state laws. ...rge W. Bush, as the winner of that state and its electoral votes. Al Gore, the Democratic candidate, then sued in various Florida state courts for recount
  6 KB (892 words) - 08:33, 18 October 2019
• Calhoun, John C.
  ...ed home, practiced law, and served as a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1808 to 1809. ...rotect his country’s fledgling industry. Though unknown to Calhoun then, the tariff issue was soon to ignite an inflammatory controversy.
  10 KB (1,526 words) - 00:35, 17 July 2018
• Citizenship
  ...n the U.S. Constitution likewise portray an active citizenry consenting to the government it creates. ...d as part of “We the people” because they were only “three-fifths” of a person and hence not whole enough to be citizens.
  8 KB (1,189 words) - 00:52, 3 July 2018
• City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
  ...v. Verner''. Here it was held that government could refuse an exemption to the law for a religious nonconformist only if a “compelling state interest” ...e interest test. This set the stage for the collision between Congress and the Court in ''Flores''.
  4 KB (574 words) - 08:46, 18 October 2019
• Civil War
  ...onal arrangements, but the chaos and uncertainty of war blurred the nature of those changes. === POLITICAL AND MILITARY CHALLENGES IN THE NORTH ===
  20 KB (2,997 words) - 03:40, 25 July 2018
• Clay, Henry
  ...ship placed him in difficult circumstances to win the presidency and build the national consensus he desired for his Whig program. ...tional government powers as essential for securing the economic prosperity of strong national commercial enterprises.
  4 KB (537 words) - 03:41, 25 July 2018
• Commerce among the States
  ...res. The power to regulate commerce, therefore, grew out of recognition of the need to create a national economic unit that could bargain as a whole with ...tention was on foreign trade, with little discussion of commerce among the states.
  32 KB (5,040 words) - 02:12, 18 June 2019
• Commerce with Foreign Nations
  ...ed similar to those of its domestic analogue, in recent years, especially, the federal power over foreign commerce has been construed more broadly against ...hat did not discriminate against commerce among the states was acceptable. The dormant foreign commerce power, like its domestic counterpart, both drew up
  9 KB (1,337 words) - 02:52, 12 July 2018
• Confederate States of America
  ...slature with each state having one vote and the president being elected by the Congress to serve one six-year term. ...ture a reformed union geared toward the collective interests of its member states.
  14 KB (2,086 words) - 03:16, 27 July 2018
• Constitutional Convention of 1787
  ...introduced in American federalism have in turn revolutionized the practice of federalism worldwide. ...berations. The Convention ended on September 17, when the delegates signed the draft constitution they had prepared.
  19 KB (2,995 words) - 04:16, 8 August 2018
• Councils of Governments
  ...social planners, and supporting personnel, although the staff of councils of governments situated in metropolitan areas are typically significantly larg ...d amount of federal support and virtually no support from their respective states.
  19 KB (2,754 words) - 18:04, 13 August 2018
• Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council (2000)
  ...pted by sanctions on Burma enacted at the federal level three months after the state measure. ...tion), the Court found that the state law thwarted Congress’s intent for the nation to speak with “one voice” on Burma policy.
  6 KB (888 words) - 08:57, 18 October 2019
• Devolution
  ...s rights of autonomous self-government. Decentralization also implies that the central or higher-level entity can unilaterally recentralize authority. ...of a regional or local government to (1) adopt and collect its own sources of revenue (e.g., levy sales, income, or property taxes), (2) set its own tax
  9 KB (1,242 words) - 05:48, 17 August 2018
• Dual Citizenship
  ...be a citizen of two, or even more, nations. Finally, one can be a citizen of an indigenous group such as Native American tribes. In many respects, then, ...of federal court jurisdiction to disputes between “citizens of different states” (Article III, Section 2).
  8 KB (1,195 words) - 06:02, 17 August 2018
• Dual Federalism
  ...nsibilities, and resources of each layer remain separate and distinct from the others. ..., and welfare. Dual federalism was the predominant theory for interpreting the Constitution from 1789 to 1901.
  8 KB (1,180 words) - 06:03, 17 August 2018
• Economic Development
  ...President Washington’s cabinet debating the proposed Bank of the United States. ...economies into a national economy was desired by the Hamiltonians, whereas the Jeffersonians sought a self-sufficient economy based primarily on agricultu
  12 KB (1,646 words) - 06:11, 17 August 2018
• Eisenhower, Dwight D.
  ...ecognize the staying power of the New Deal and the potential positive uses of national government power. ...nd track the development of American [[federalism]] led to the creation of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations in 1959.
  4 KB (571 words) - 07:02, 17 August 2018
• Electoral College
  ...” although that phrase does not appear in the [[U.S. Constitution|United States Constitution]]. ...nment during that long, hot summer in Philadelphia. Two main ideas were on the table: a national popular vote versus legislative selection.
  12 KB (1,847 words) - 22:42, 2 December 2020
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
  ...of Sputnik (the first orbiting satellite) which underscored the importance of education (and in particular science and engineering). ...1964]], however—and particularly Title VI which outlawed the allocation of federal funds to segregated programs—would prevent federal education bill
  15 KB (2,200 words) - 19:27, 27 August 2018
• Enumerated Powers of the U.S. Constitution
  ...erpreted by Congress, the president, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] that as a practical matter there is very little, if anythin ...but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;''
  8 KB (1,356 words) - 20:05, 27 August 2018
• Federal Courts
  ...national courts of appeals, and the 9-member [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. ...s by review by Article III courts. Article III courts review the decisions of other Article I courts directly.
  17 KB (2,657 words) - 21:31, 10 September 2018
• Federal-Local Relations
  ...erally collaborative, although federal restrictions on the permissible use of grants is sometimes a chafing point. ...ir elected representatives in Congress, who are, after all, elected within states.
  22 KB (3,235 words) - 20:52, 4 July 2018
• Federal-State Relations
  ...e not very clear and some have been the basis for major controversies over the years. ...gained by clicking the hyperlinks in this entry and the topics at the end of this entry.
  25 KB (3,755 words) - 01:35, 15 September 2018
• Federalism
  ...and implemented through negotiation in some form, it enables all to share the system’s decision making and decision-making processes. ...thentically federal systems and political systems that utilize elements of the federal principle, (4) mature and emergent federal systems, and (5) federal
  71 KB (10,449 words) - 05:54, 13 September 2018
• Foreign Affairs and Federalism
  ...ased global interdependencies. Importantly, challenges to national control of foreign policy making and implementation are not an American phenomenon, bu ...seas and states opened offices abroad during this decade. Since that time, states and localities have continually sought to further their global connections
  19 KB (2,742 words) - 23:09, 4 July 2018
• Frankfurter, Felix
  ...restraint, and states’ rights–oriented decisions, that won him legions of judicial followers. ...ould become recognized as one of the foremost legal scholars in the United States.
  8 KB (1,159 words) - 01:23, 5 July 2018
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
  ...vel in state waters from the New York State Legislature. While negotiating the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in Paris, France, in 1802, Livingston formed a partn ...to New York City. After protracted litigation, Ogden bought a license from the Fulton-Livingston cartel in 1815.
  6 KB (825 words) - 20:13, 18 October 2019
• Guarantee Clause
  ...unctures of cataclysmic national moment, the clause may have substance for the judiciary as well. ...e state’s branches that answer directly to the electorate—specifically the state’s legislature or, alternatively, its governor.
  16 KB (2,271 words) - 01:54, 5 July 2018
• Harlan, John Marshall
  ...ter nominated him to the Supreme Court. The Senate confirmed him by a vote of 71–11. ...r and could be resolved by federal courts. Generally, he believed that the states were responsible for such matters as law and order, obscenity, and election
  4 KB (623 words) - 02:08, 5 July 2018
• Health Care Policy
  ...emerging market of private insurance. With the exception of mental health, states did not provide direct services or health insurance. ...Under this model, the federal government was dominant, and the states were the weaker partner lacking innovation or “particular interest in formulating
  26 KB (3,778 words) - 02:34, 5 July 2018
• Implied Powers of the U.S. Constitution
  ...cution of its specified powers. These laws are therefore made on the basis of Congress’s “implied powers,” and throughout our history, a major issu ...gton asked the advice of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury [[Hamilton, Alexander|Alexander Hamilton]], and Attorney General E
  4 KB (661 words) - 02:58, 5 July 2018
• Interposition
  ...h state can block (“interpose”) or overrule (“nullify”) actions of the union adversely affecting its interests and general well-being. ...osition and contended that a state could even nullify a federal law, which the state deemed to be unconstitutional and was unwilling to recognize.
  5 KB (721 words) - 01:21, 26 September 2018
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
  ...ome railroad managers asked [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] to control the flow of commerce that crossed state lines. ...shift away from laissez-faire policies that dominated the time and lifted the Populist cause by proving that political action led to policy change.
  4 KB (612 words) - 20:28, 29 September 2018
• Interstate Compacts
  ...orm of a binding agreement that requires the parties to faithfully execute the terms outlined. ...subject matter of compacts has changed and congressional assent has become the norm.
  8 KB (1,175 words) - 19:04, 19 July 2019
• Interstate Relations
  ...ve freely across boundary lines. States cooperate with each other by means of interstate compacts and administrative agreements, but also compete to attr ...y political compacts, those encroaching “upon the full and free exercise of federal authority,” require such consent.
  23 KB (3,570 words) - 20:48, 29 September 2018
• Jefferson, Thomas
  ...essors, his presidency dramatically expanded the powers of that office and the national government as a whole. ...be to guard against any expansion of national power at the expense of the states.
  4 KB (549 words) - 21:04, 29 September 2018
• Judiciary Act of 1789, Section 25
  ...upreme Court of lower federal court opinions and had provisions for review of state court decisions as well. ...ablished the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over state courts on issues of federal law that is still maintained today.
  3 KB (482 words) - 21:06, 29 September 2018

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