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• Abortion
  ...', it also provided greater opportunity for state legislatures to regulate the manner in which abortions will be conducted. ...ally does not assert jurisdiction. So strongly do these interests permeate the societal landscape that judicial nominees and elected officials are often e
  22 KB (3,400 words) - 19:45, 6 July 2018
• Articles of Confederation (full document)
  == ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION == To all to whom these Presents shall come, we the undersigned Delegates of the States affixed to our Names send greeting.
  20 KB (3,426 words) - 22:50, 4 October 2021
• Adams, John
  ...the situation, the geography, the commerce, the population, and the forms of government . . . and consider what further federal powers are wanted, and m ...as hard to negotiate on behalf of a union that lacked the power to enforce the treaties it signed.
  5 KB (817 words) - 19:51, 6 July 2018
• Fourteenth Amendment
  ...nt concerns of the Republican-dominated thirty-ninth Congress that adopted the amendment. === PROVISIONS OF THE AMENDMENT ===
  17 KB (2,624 words) - 23:17, 4 July 2018
• Affirmative Action
  ...that race, creed, color, and/or national origin are ignored in the process of hiring and retaining employees. ...in a year, Johnson believed that it was working to level the playing field of employment, since many minorities had long been hobbled by racism and racis
  3 KB (452 words) - 00:04, 11 July 2018
• Alien and Sedition Acts
  ...Revolution now seemed likely. With these new laws, Federalists would have the power to deport immigrants who were too prominent in Republican causes and ...sponse was to invoke the countervailing force of the states, an early test of American [[federalism]].
  6 KB (859 words) - 20:05, 12 July 2018
• American Indians and Federalism
  ...status requiring treaties, to an attempt to assimilate native people into the general society by refusing to recognize sovereignty at all. ...s viewed as states, the placement of Indian nations within the U.S. system of federalism has been continuously changing and evolving.
  22 KB (3,370 words) - 23:12, 16 September 2021
• Articles of Confederation
  ...ican [[federalism]] retained and strengthened in the [[U.S. Constitution]] of 1787. ...nce until hostilities with Great Britain officially ceased with the Treaty of Paris, signed September 3, 1783, and ratified by Congress on July 14, 1784.
  19 KB (2,844 words) - 22:56, 4 October 2021
• Bill of Rights
  ...an historic speech to the House of Representatives in the first session of the First [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] on June 8, 1789. ...ts by the required two-thirds majority of both houses, and sending them to the state legislatures for ratification on September 24, 1789.
  14 KB (2,226 words) - 19:26, 13 July 2018
• Bingham, John A.
  ...t position became instrumental in drafting the [[Fourteenth Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]]. ...ment and guarantee federal protection of the [[Civil Rights|civil rights]] of black Americans.
  4 KB (566 words) - 19:33, 13 July 2018
• Black, Hugo L.
  ...ition at length in a dissent to ''Adamson v. California'' (1947). Although the Court did not embrace this view, it arrived by increments at a similar resu [[File:Black, Hugo L..png|thumb|Hugo L. Black. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.]]
  3 KB (450 words) - 20:02, 16 July 2018
• Brandeis, Louis D.
  ...ice in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with Samuel Warren. He became a proponent of labor unions and did much pro bono work for various public causes. He marri ...ects on women of working too many hours. When the Court unanimously upheld the law, it paid tribute to Brandeis’s arguments and, even today, briefs that
  4 KB (583 words) - 23:59, 2 July 2018
• Burger, Warren Earl
  ...nated Burger to be chief justice. He was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 74–3. ...as part of a right of privacy guaranteed by the [[Due Process Clause]] of the [[Fourteenth Amendment]].
  3 KB (481 words) - 00:26, 17 July 2018
• Bush v. Gore (2000)
  ...ion]] and federal statutes can supersede state election laws and decisions of state supreme courts interpreting those state laws. ...rge W. Bush, as the winner of that state and its electoral votes. Al Gore, the Democratic candidate, then sued in various Florida state courts for recount
  6 KB (892 words) - 08:33, 18 October 2019
• Calhoun, John C.
  ...ed home, practiced law, and served as a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1808 to 1809. ...rotect his country’s fledgling industry. Though unknown to Calhoun then, the tariff issue was soon to ignite an inflammatory controversy.
  10 KB (1,526 words) - 00:35, 17 July 2018
• Citizenship
  ...n the U.S. Constitution likewise portray an active citizenry consenting to the government it creates. ...d as part of “We the people” because they were only “three-fifths” of a person and hence not whole enough to be citizens.
  8 KB (1,189 words) - 00:52, 3 July 2018
• City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
  ...v. Verner''. Here it was held that government could refuse an exemption to the law for a religious nonconformist only if a “compelling state interest” ...e interest test. This set the stage for the collision between Congress and the Court in ''Flores''.
  4 KB (574 words) - 08:46, 18 October 2019
• Civil War
  ...onal arrangements, but the chaos and uncertainty of war blurred the nature of those changes. === POLITICAL AND MILITARY CHALLENGES IN THE NORTH ===
  20 KB (2,997 words) - 03:40, 25 July 2018
• Clay, Henry
  ...ship placed him in difficult circumstances to win the presidency and build the national consensus he desired for his Whig program. ...tional government powers as essential for securing the economic prosperity of strong national commercial enterprises.
  4 KB (537 words) - 03:41, 25 July 2018
• Commerce among the States
  ...res. The power to regulate commerce, therefore, grew out of recognition of the need to create a national economic unit that could bargain as a whole with ...tention was on foreign trade, with little discussion of commerce among the states.
  32 KB (5,040 words) - 02:12, 18 June 2019
• Commerce with Foreign Nations
  ...ed similar to those of its domestic analogue, in recent years, especially, the federal power over foreign commerce has been construed more broadly against ...hat did not discriminate against commerce among the states was acceptable. The dormant foreign commerce power, like its domestic counterpart, both drew up
  9 KB (1,337 words) - 02:52, 12 July 2018
• Confederate States of America
  ...slature with each state having one vote and the president being elected by the Congress to serve one six-year term. ...ture a reformed union geared toward the collective interests of its member states.
  14 KB (2,086 words) - 03:16, 27 July 2018
• Constitutional Convention of 1787
  ...introduced in American federalism have in turn revolutionized the practice of federalism worldwide. ...berations. The Convention ended on September 17, when the delegates signed the draft constitution they had prepared.
  19 KB (2,995 words) - 04:16, 8 August 2018
• Councils of Governments
  ...social planners, and supporting personnel, although the staff of councils of governments situated in metropolitan areas are typically significantly larg ...d amount of federal support and virtually no support from their respective states.
  19 KB (2,754 words) - 18:04, 13 August 2018
• Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council (2000)
  ...pted by sanctions on Burma enacted at the federal level three months after the state measure. ...tion), the Court found that the state law thwarted Congress’s intent for the nation to speak with “one voice” on Burma policy.
  6 KB (888 words) - 08:57, 18 October 2019
• Devolution
  ...s rights of autonomous self-government. Decentralization also implies that the central or higher-level entity can unilaterally recentralize authority. ...of a regional or local government to (1) adopt and collect its own sources of revenue (e.g., levy sales, income, or property taxes), (2) set its own tax
  9 KB (1,242 words) - 05:48, 17 August 2018
• Dual Citizenship
  ...be a citizen of two, or even more, nations. Finally, one can be a citizen of an indigenous group such as Native American tribes. In many respects, then, ...of federal court jurisdiction to disputes between “citizens of different states” (Article III, Section 2).
  8 KB (1,195 words) - 06:02, 17 August 2018
• Dual Federalism
  ...nsibilities, and resources of each layer remain separate and distinct from the others. ..., and welfare. Dual federalism was the predominant theory for interpreting the Constitution from 1789 to 1901.
  8 KB (1,180 words) - 06:03, 17 August 2018
• Economic Development
  ...President Washington’s cabinet debating the proposed Bank of the United States. ...economies into a national economy was desired by the Hamiltonians, whereas the Jeffersonians sought a self-sufficient economy based primarily on agricultu
  12 KB (1,646 words) - 06:11, 17 August 2018
• Eisenhower, Dwight D.
  ...ecognize the staying power of the New Deal and the potential positive uses of national government power. ...nd track the development of American [[federalism]] led to the creation of the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations in 1959.
  4 KB (571 words) - 07:02, 17 August 2018
• Electoral College
  ...” although that phrase does not appear in the [[U.S. Constitution|United States Constitution]]. ...nment during that long, hot summer in Philadelphia. Two main ideas were on the table: a national popular vote versus legislative selection.
  12 KB (1,847 words) - 22:42, 2 December 2020
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965
  ...of Sputnik (the first orbiting satellite) which underscored the importance of education (and in particular science and engineering). ...1964]], however—and particularly Title VI which outlawed the allocation of federal funds to segregated programs—would prevent federal education bill
  15 KB (2,200 words) - 19:27, 27 August 2018
• Enumerated Powers of the U.S. Constitution
  ...erpreted by Congress, the president, and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] that as a practical matter there is very little, if anythin ...but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;''
  8 KB (1,356 words) - 20:05, 27 August 2018
• Federal Courts
  ...national courts of appeals, and the 9-member [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. ...s by review by Article III courts. Article III courts review the decisions of other Article I courts directly.
  17 KB (2,657 words) - 21:31, 10 September 2018
• Federal-Local Relations
  ...erally collaborative, although federal restrictions on the permissible use of grants is sometimes a chafing point. ...ir elected representatives in Congress, who are, after all, elected within states.
  22 KB (3,235 words) - 20:52, 4 July 2018
• Federal-State Relations
  ...e not very clear and some have been the basis for major controversies over the years. ...gained by clicking the hyperlinks in this entry and the topics at the end of this entry.
  25 KB (3,755 words) - 01:35, 15 September 2018
• Federalism
  ...and implemented through negotiation in some form, it enables all to share the system’s decision making and decision-making processes. ...thentically federal systems and political systems that utilize elements of the federal principle, (4) mature and emergent federal systems, and (5) federal
  71 KB (10,449 words) - 05:54, 13 September 2018
• Foreign Affairs and Federalism
  ...ased global interdependencies. Importantly, challenges to national control of foreign policy making and implementation are not an American phenomenon, bu ...seas and states opened offices abroad during this decade. Since that time, states and localities have continually sought to further their global connections
  19 KB (2,742 words) - 23:09, 4 July 2018
• Frankfurter, Felix
  ...restraint, and states’ rights–oriented decisions, that won him legions of judicial followers. ...ould become recognized as one of the foremost legal scholars in the United States.
  8 KB (1,159 words) - 01:23, 5 July 2018
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
  ...vel in state waters from the New York State Legislature. While negotiating the [[Louisiana Purchase]] in Paris, France, in 1802, Livingston formed a partn ...to New York City. After protracted litigation, Ogden bought a license from the Fulton-Livingston cartel in 1815.
  6 KB (825 words) - 20:13, 18 October 2019
• Guarantee Clause
  ...unctures of cataclysmic national moment, the clause may have substance for the judiciary as well. ...e state’s branches that answer directly to the electorate—specifically the state’s legislature or, alternatively, its governor.
  16 KB (2,271 words) - 01:54, 5 July 2018
• Harlan, John Marshall
  ...ter nominated him to the Supreme Court. The Senate confirmed him by a vote of 71–11. ...r and could be resolved by federal courts. Generally, he believed that the states were responsible for such matters as law and order, obscenity, and election
  4 KB (623 words) - 02:08, 5 July 2018
• Health Care Policy
  ...emerging market of private insurance. With the exception of mental health, states did not provide direct services or health insurance. ...Under this model, the federal government was dominant, and the states were the weaker partner lacking innovation or “particular interest in formulating
  26 KB (3,778 words) - 02:34, 5 July 2018
• Implied Powers of the U.S. Constitution
  ...cution of its specified powers. These laws are therefore made on the basis of Congress’s “implied powers,” and throughout our history, a major issu ...gton asked the advice of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury [[Hamilton, Alexander|Alexander Hamilton]], and Attorney General E
  4 KB (661 words) - 02:58, 5 July 2018
• Interposition
  ...h state can block (“interpose”) or overrule (“nullify”) actions of the union adversely affecting its interests and general well-being. ...osition and contended that a state could even nullify a federal law, which the state deemed to be unconstitutional and was unwilling to recognize.
  5 KB (721 words) - 01:21, 26 September 2018
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
  ...ome railroad managers asked [[U.S. Congress|Congress]] to control the flow of commerce that crossed state lines. ...shift away from laissez-faire policies that dominated the time and lifted the Populist cause by proving that political action led to policy change.
  4 KB (612 words) - 20:28, 29 September 2018
• Interstate Compacts
  ...orm of a binding agreement that requires the parties to faithfully execute the terms outlined. ...subject matter of compacts has changed and congressional assent has become the norm.
  8 KB (1,175 words) - 19:04, 19 July 2019
• Interstate Relations
  ...ve freely across boundary lines. States cooperate with each other by means of interstate compacts and administrative agreements, but also compete to attr ...y political compacts, those encroaching “upon the full and free exercise of federal authority,” require such consent.
  23 KB (3,570 words) - 20:48, 29 September 2018
• Jefferson, Thomas
  ...essors, his presidency dramatically expanded the powers of that office and the national government as a whole. ...be to guard against any expansion of national power at the expense of the states.
  4 KB (549 words) - 21:04, 29 September 2018
• Judiciary Act of 1789, Section 25
  ...upreme Court of lower federal court opinions and had provisions for review of state court decisions as well. ...ablished the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over state courts on issues of federal law that is still maintained today.
  3 KB (482 words) - 21:06, 29 September 2018
• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
  ...egion that was still a territory. The South’s position was that only the states could do so. ...Party dedicated to keeping slavery out of the territories. This breakdown of national parties removed a moderating influence on radical northern aboliti
  4 KB (634 words) - 05:39, 2 October 2018
• Kestnbaum Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
  ...June 28, 1955, the Commission presented its report to the Congress and the president. ...rather than an outcome where one level of government dictates or controls the other one.
  8 KB (1,209 words) - 05:44, 2 October 2018
• Lincoln, Abraham
  ...highly influential in transforming the United States from a collection of states into one country. ...ress (1861) clearly states his theory of the federal Union and his duty as president to preserve it.
  5 KB (681 words) - 05:51, 2 October 2018
• Luther v. Borden (1849)
  ...ourt’s authority to settle political questions and allotted that role to the nation’s political branches. ...government. The state militia subsequently arrested the leading figures in the Dorr Rebellion.
  3 KB (529 words) - 18:06, 21 October 2019
• Morrill Act of 1862
  ...’s Representative Justin Smith Morrill, the Morrill Act is recognized as the first federal grant-in-aid program. ...No state in rebellion or insurrection against the government of the United States could qualify for this land grant.
  2 KB (329 words) - 21:00, 25 October 2018
• Model Cities Program
  ...olitan Development Act. As a centerpiece to his [[Great Society]] Program, the act planned to relieve urban blight, poverty, and hardship in America’s i Central to the act was the Model Cities Program, which made sweeping changes to urban planning, develo
  4 KB (545 words) - 18:35, 2 November 2018
• Madison, James
  ...its president, John Witherspoon. Afterward, he rejected careers in law and the clergy. In 1794, he married Philadelphia widow Dolley Payne Todd. .... Drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1777, the statute presumed the dependence of democracy upon religious freedom.
  8 KB (1,100 words) - 03:29, 5 October 2018
• Military Affairs
  ...sm has also emerged in the formation of initially state militias and later the National Guard. ..., the notion of a standing army was problematic. Thus, the continuation of the long-held state militias became imperative.
  6 KB (912 words) - 18:16, 2 November 2018
• Missouri v. Holland (1920)
  ...hereby ensuring that the making of treaties is an exclusive prerogative of the national government. ...ocal concern, but there is no consensus on either the existence or content of such a limitation.
  9 KB (1,392 words) - 18:21, 21 October 2019
• National Labor Relations Act of 1935
  ...ncerted activities, such as strikes, to support their bargaining position. The act covered employees engaged in interstate commerce, except for railroad, ...addition, there are thirty-three regional directors, who advise and assist the board members.
  3 KB (380 words) - 22:13, 13 November 2018
• National Security
  .... The threats posed to the United States have varied and required a myriad of responses to guarantee national security. ...K. Polk provoked a war with Mexico in 1846. In both instances, the United States was able to protect or annex its territory and secure its rights to trade.
  5 KB (863 words) - 23:02, 13 November 2018
• Native Americans
  ...sm (1986–?). In each era the federal-state relationship changes, as does the federal-state-tribal relationship. ...endent nations,” a term that itself has had various interpretations over the years.
  8 KB (1,155 words) - 23:14, 16 September 2021
• Necessary and Proper Clause
  ...and most of the state constitutions had similar provisions. The [[Articles of Confederation]] were somewhat unusual in limiting powers to only those expr ...es the delegation of all power requisite to completing the ends specified. The clause merely made that truth explicit.
  9 KB (1,350 words) - 22:06, 26 November 2018
• New Federalism (Reagan)
  ...cutive orders]] to implement many of his federalism reforms, but many more of his proposals failed after confronting practical politics, specific program ...federalism]] more than the [[Creative Federalism|creative federalism]] of the previous decades.
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 00:46, 28 November 2018
• Nixon, Richard M.
  ..., Nixon was commissioned as a lieutenant commander in the Navy, serving in the Pacific theater. ...s defeat, Nixon’s political career suffered another setback when he lost the 1962 California gubernatorial contest.
  4 KB (642 words) - 21:05, 28 November 2018
• Nullification
  ...hteenth century and reached its climax approximately forty years preceding the [[Civil War|U.S. Civil War]]. ...sident Thomas Jefferson, a states’ rights advocate, took office in 1801, the debate subsided until 1828.
  4 KB (548 words) - 02:13, 30 November 2018
• O’Connor, Sandra Day
  ...Ashcroft'' 1991), the Tenth Amendment (''[[South Dakota v. Dole]]'' 1985), the Commerce Clause (''[[Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority]] ...involved with federalism questions, but also played a role in a wide range of contexts.
  6 KB (834 words) - 18:04, 30 November 2018
• Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996
  ...vings that came from the law. Subsequent legislation reinstated some forms of immigrant eligibility but not for TANF. ...y and handouts could prevent them from succumbing to the oppressive weight of grinding poverty.
  8 KB (1,300 words) - 18:54, 31 December 2018
• Political Parties
  ...ation. Yet the party system has always been rooted in the localized polity of American political history. ...irit that animated Madison’s theories would serve as the springboard for the early party system.
  21 KB (3,175 words) - 20:23, 31 December 2018
• Presidency
  ...ommending measures for consideration of Congress, and approving or vetoing the bills that Congress passes. === CHOOSING PRESIDENTS: THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE ===
  22 KB (3,308 words) - 05:10, 12 February 2019
• Printz v. United States (1997)
  ...tutionally intruding on state sovereignty under the [[Tenth Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]]. ...stant checks” on the backgrounds of gun buyers at the point of purchase. The Brady Bill finally passed Congress on November 24, 2003.
  7 KB (1,097 words) - 19:30, 21 October 2019
• Public Administration
  ...lications. In short, public administration is the studying and “doing” of managing public sector agencies, just as business administration relates to ...ust as aware of political dealings that establish their objectives. Hence, the separation that Wilson called for has never existed.
  7 KB (1,084 words) - 04:53, 27 April 2019
• Public Officials’ Associations
  ...mon concern. Starting in the early twentieth century, elected officials at the [[State Government|state]] and [[Local Government|local]] levels began crea ...ther professional organizations, such as the American Medical Association, the American Bar Association, and many others.
  21 KB (3,095 words) - 05:12, 27 April 2019
• Reconstruction
  ...sed them by emancipation while still retaining the United States’ system of balanced national and state power. ...dment in modern jurisprudence, which has skewed historical examinations of the period.
  20 KB (3,124 words) - 02:49, 30 April 2019
• Reed v. Reed (1971)
  ...of this House vote by one month. In March 1972, the Senate was to vote for the ERA with near-unanimity, 84–8.
  4 KB (594 words) - 19:31, 21 October 2019
• Rehnquist, William
  ...ral legislative and judicial power, but also the constitutional protection of individual rights. [[File:Rehnquist,William.png|thumb|William Rehnquist. Collection, The Supreme Court Historical Society. Photographed by Dane Penland.]]
  7 KB (994 words) - 20:21, 30 April 2019
• Roosevelt, Theodore
  ...rough redistribution of wealth, attacks on corruption, and preservation of the environment. [[File:Roosevelt, Theodore.png|thumb|Theodore Roosevelt. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.]]
  4 KB (586 words) - 00:54, 1 May 2019
• Scalia, Antonin
  ...erce Clause]] doctrines, and he has endeavored to protect the jurisdiction of state judiciaries. ...independence of state governments as protected by the Guarantee Clause or the [[Tenth Amendment]].
  6 KB (840 words) - 01:19, 1 May 2019
• Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States (1935)
  ...ational and what is local, and invade the powers reserved to the states by the [[Tenth Amendment]]. SEE ALSO: [[Commerce among the States]]; [[Tenth Amendment]]
  1 KB (226 words) - 19:36, 21 October 2019
• Sex Discrimination
  ...ed or were fired upon marrying. Sex discrimination still occurs, but since the 1960's legislation and [[U.S. Supreme Court]] decisions have provided incre ...rt adopted intermediate scrutiny in sex discrimination cases falling under the equal protection clause in ''[[Craig v. Boren]]'' (1976).
  5 KB (721 words) - 19:06, 2 May 2019
• Sixteenth Amendment
  ...able way of raising funds. Fiscally, the income tax was designed to reduce the federal government’s reliance on regressive consumption taxes. ...mes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.''
  4 KB (669 words) - 19:36, 2 May 2019
• Slavery
  ...] crisis, Civil War, and, finally, full national control over the legality of this racialized labor system. === SLAVERY AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION ===
  21 KB (3,316 words) - 20:21, 3 May 2019
• States’ Rights
  ...s is the philosophical governing belief, hearkening back to the [[Articles of Confederation]], that [[State Government|state governments]] are equal to, ...ments, the Articles of Confederation symbolized the first expression of “states’ rights.”
  5 KB (706 words) - 19:42, 8 May 2019
• Supreme Court of the United States
  ..., while also exerting some degree of check on the centralizing impulses of the national Congress and executive. ...Neil M. Gorsuch. Collection, Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States. Photographed by Frantz Jantzen]]
  18 KB (2,757 words) - 22:09, 3 May 2018
• Taft-Hartley Act
  ...tley Jr. of New Jersey, the [[U.S. Congress]] passed this act in 1947 over President Harry Truman’s veto. ...nt, serve notice on the other party and on a government mediation service. The federal government was also empowered under this act to obtain an eighty-da
  3 KB (478 words) - 20:33, 8 May 2019
• Taney, Roger Brooke
  ...jurists, he will always be remembered as the person who handed down one of the Court’s most infamous decisions. ...ticed law, and married Anne Key (the sister of Francis Scott Key) in 1806. The marriage produced six daughters as well as a son who died in infancy.
  4 KB (602 words) - 19:44, 10 May 2019
• Taxing and Spending Power
  ...ederal spending for grants to state and local governments from the time of the [[New Deal]]. ...ver, and would obviously go far toward extinguishing federalism and making the national government a general government; it has never been authoritatively
  10 KB (1,557 words) - 20:15, 10 May 2019
• Tenth Amendment
  ...he Tenth Amendment has some specific independent meaning placing limits on the federal government, remains even to this day. ...ibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.''
  17 KB (2,583 words) - 20:37, 10 May 2019
• Transportation Policy
  ...sportation accounts for approximately 13 percent of all jobs in the United States. ...e in defining the American transportation system. That has not always been the case.
  20 KB (2,919 words) - 20:58, 13 May 2019
• U.S. Congress
  As the legislature of the U.S. government, the Congress both embodies [[federalism]] and influences how federalism is put === THE SENATE AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE STATES ===
  23 KB (3,553 words) - 20:10, 3 June 2019
• U.S. Supreme Court
  ..., while also exerting some degree of check on the centralizing impulses of the national Congress and executive. ...William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O’Connor, Anthony M. Kennedy. Collection, The Supreme Court Historical Society. Photographed by Steve Petteway.]]
  18 KB (2,746 words) - 03:42, 10 December 2017
• U.S. Territories
  ...emain unorganized in this sense. They are administered by the secretary of the interior and overseen by Congress, usually with defensive purposes in mind. ...free to redefine the status of Puerto Rico, whereas states’ position in the union is constitutionally guaranteed.
  5 KB (687 words) - 01:35, 14 June 2019
• Urban Policy
  ...hich influences the development of specific institutional relations within the city as well as a particular political culture. Within this unique politica ...cs, and depots and how to pay for them. There is disagreement over what is the one best solution—and there often is not one best solution.
  20 KB (3,037 words) - 01:55, 14 June 2019
• USA PATRIOT Act of 2001
  ...s '''R'''equired to '''I'''ntercept and '''O'''bstruct '''T'''errorism Act of 2001. ...Senate Bill 1510, the “USA Act” (Uniting and Strengthening America Act of 2001) was submitted.
  9 KB (1,332 words) - 21:30, 18 June 2019
• Virginia Plan
  ...usiness of the Convention and acted as a guide for its deliberations until the end. ...& Judiciary” replace the “merely ''federal''” system of the Articles of Confederation.
  5 KB (766 words) - 21:33, 18 June 2019
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
  ...ly in the American South after a century of legal and social restrictions. The federal government assumed supervision over voter registration and suspende ...conference, President [[Johnson, Lyndon B.|Lyndon B. Johnson]] referred to the act as his greatest accomplishment.
  16 KB (2,476 words) - 21:38, 18 June 2019
• Webster, Daniel
  ...ent nationalist at a time of growing sectional strife and as a defender of the union against secessionists in magnificent Senate speeches. ...in 1828, and the following year Webster married Caroline Le Roy, daughter of a prominent New York merchant.
  4 KB (582 words) - 21:46, 18 June 2019
• Wickard v. Filburn (1942)
  ...d began to uphold New Deal legislation. By 1942, when Wickard was decided, the Court seemed willing to allow almost any economic activity to be regulated ...e as seed for the next season, and was ground for home use. He argued that the wheat was for consumption on his farm and never offered for sale; therefore
  3 KB (447 words) - 21:12, 21 October 2019
• Wilson, Woodrow
  ...troduced the federal grant-in-aid program to states, ushering in a new era of intergovernmental relations. [[File:Wilson,Woodrow.png|thumb|Woodrow Wilson. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division.]]
  4 KB (562 words) - 00:41, 11 July 2018
• U.S. Constitution (full document)
  == THE U.S. CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS == ...Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
  45 KB (7,577 words) - 22:51, 4 October 2021
• Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
  ...not have health insurance, and they often did not receive adequate levels of health, frequently visited emergency rooms with their higher costs, and wer ...nd on businesses to offer health coverage to employees, and by encouraging states to expand Medicaid.
  10 KB (1,439 words) - 06:24, 29 December 2018
• Obama, Barack
  ...publican Party. Through the use of lawsuits and administrative bargaining, states demonstrated their continued relevance as a check against federal overreach ...rvard Law Review. Returning to Chicago, Obama taught law at the University of Chicago, and practiced as a civil rights attorney.
  10 KB (1,383 words) - 19:05, 5 October 2021
• Constitutionalism
  ...the police officer was authorized by law to arrest persons for burglary in the relevant jurisdiction. ...aid down in Article II of the U.S. Constitution. Dictators in rule by law states may make political dissent a crime because they have more guns than anyone
  9 KB (1,374 words) - 21:32, 22 January 2019
• Interest Groups in the Federal System
  ...er for political communication and action. Failing to register as a member of a group does not necessarily mean that people have decided to “bowl alone ...me Court ruled that freedom of association is an essential part of freedom of speech.
  18 KB (2,657 words) - 23:05, 4 October 2021
• National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, 567 U.S. 519 (2012)
  ...The ACA also expanded access to public coverage through opening Medicaid, the federal-state health care safety net, to people who historically were not e ...e states and the federal government often work together under the umbrella of [[cooperative federalism]].
  10 KB (1,513 words) - 04:42, 9 November 2018
• Trump, Donald
  ...eal-estate developer, Trump took over the family business in 1971, growing the Trump Organization into an international brand. ...New York City landmark buildings, which often placed him in the middle of the city’s politics. On occasion, he purchased full-page advertisements in n
  12 KB (1,750 words) - 23:11, 4 October 2021
• State Constitutional Rights Federalism
  ...f rights to provide broader protection for rights than was available under the federal [[U.S. Constitution|Constitution]]. ...primary protection for rights in the United States and the primary source of constitutional doctrine. But [[State Constitutional Law|state constitutiona
  18 KB (2,680 words) - 01:55, 5 September 2020
• Watts, Ronald L.
  ...ism, British dominions, and intergovernmental relations in the departments of Philosophy and Political Studies at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario ...federal institutions that adequately express the demands and requirements of its society. Fifth, “with appropriately designed institutions,” federal
  4 KB (615 words) - 17:25, 24 July 2022